3. Development of Airborne Potassium Magnetometer Dr. Ivan Hrvoic, Ph.D., P.Eng. President, GEM Advanced Magnetometers Exploration 2007 & KEGS

4. Overview  Airborne Trends in Mineral Exploration  Why Develop Potassium?  Solutions and Examples  Fixed Wing  Helicopter  Helicopter and EM  UAV  Summary

5. Airborne Trends in Mineral Exploration Last 5 years has seen a number of key trends that affect the implementation of any new airborne technology: 1.High Resolution Data 2.More Information from Data 3.Better Positioned Data 4.Safe Acquisition 5.Cost Effective Acquisition

6. Why Develop Potassium? Reflects industry trends: High Resolution – Sensitivity, Sampling, Low Heading Error Good Gradient Measurements – Absolute Accuracy Positioning – Integrate with GPS Safety – Implement on Any Platform Cost Effective – Gradient Arrays

7. Potassium Principles -- Spectal Lines 4 Narrow Spectral Lines approximately 100 nT apart in 50,000 nT field Narrow, symmetrical lines a key enabler of the technology Affect sensitivity and gradient tolerance … GEM developed gradient optimization procedures (2002) Sweep and “lock” on to first line 345346347 Frequency, KHz

8. Potassium Principles -- Polarization 1 2 Spontaneous decay RF Depolarization 3 Absorption Light Polarization

9. Potassium Principles -- Sensor K-lamp Filter Circular Polarizer Photo measurement Potassium bulb

10. Solutions and Examples. Fixed Wing – Solutions Sensor (Single or Multiple) Electronics Pod and / or Stinger Data Acquisition Console (GEM or 3 rd Party) Pilot Guidance (Optional 3 rd Party) RS-232 Data Transfer (Optional) GPS Altimeter (Optional)

11. Fixed Wing -- Installation

12. Helicopter – Solutions Sensor (Single or Multiple) Electronics Towed Bird (Single or Multiple Sensors) Tow Cable Data Acquisition Console (GEM or 3 rd Party) RS-232 Data Transfer (Optional) GPS

13. Helicopter – Magnetics Data Silver exploration, Mexico

14. Gradiometers - Rationale Focusing on increased spatial resolution and detail; small anomalies on the flanks of large features can be clearly resolved Vertical gradient information used in vertical gradient maps, analytic signal maps and Euler products Longitudinal and horizontal gradient used to improve the accuracy and resolution of magnetic maps Detection of even the smallest source can be achieved with a line spacing of up to 2 times height above magnetic source (Scott Hogg, et al, 2004)

15. Tri-Directional Gradiometer – Bird Fins are spaced at 120 degrees to allow for simple calculation of gradients in all three directions: Average magnetic field of the two lower fins falls beneath the upper fin sensor to allow for vertical gradient calculation Average of all three sensors falls in the centre of the bird shell to allow for simple determination of along-track gradient Two lower fins used to calculate across-track gradient

16. Tri-Directional Gradiometer -- Bird

17. Tri-Directional Gradiometer Data

18. Improved Resolution of Small Targets

19. Raw Profiles – Vertical Gradient Data

20. Helicopter EM – Solutions Sensor (Magnetometer or Gradiometer) Support for 5V EM Trigger input (On in 50 ms, Off 20 ms) Data Acquisition (GEM Console or DAS) Continues operation close to Transmitter Coil (minimum distance 1.5m optimum 3m) RS-232 Data Transfer (Optional) GPS (20 Hz)

21. UAVs – Part of The Future  Unmanned Airborne Vehicles (UAV) offering new platforms for magnetic readings  Offer advantages of high resolution data, low level surveys over remote and offshore targets, reduced operator risk

22. UAV – Components Sensor (Single or Multiple) Electronics Data Acquisition Console (GEM or 3 rd Party) RS-232 Data Transfer (Optional) GPS (20 Hz)

23. Base Stations – Capabilities Overhauser or Potassium base stations available for effective elimination of diurnals: Precise time synchronization of airborne and base station units using a built-in GPS option Multiple modes of operation: Flexible (up to 30 periods) Daily (specify daily hours) Immediate (start instantly)

24. Potassium – Specifications Sensitivity: 4 pT /  Hz @ 20 samples per second Resolution: 0.0001 nT Absolute Accuracy: +/- 0.1 nT Dynamic Range: 10,000 to 120,000 nT Gradient Tolerance: 30,000 nT /m Sensor Angle: Optimum angle 30  between sensor head axis and field vector Heading Error: <0.05 nT between 10  to 80  and 360  full rotation about axis

25. SUMMARY Airborne magnetics – Industry always seeking new technologies with additional benefits Potassium offers substantial improvements in sensitivity and in other parameters Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the system for high resolution magnetic and gradiometric mapping

26. Thank you for your attention...