1. Exchange Rate Regimes and Agricultural Trade Tola Oyeyemi Emma Phillips Gary Xia

2. Think about this… Images: http://www.dw.de/nuclear-waste-shipment-continues-to-spark-determined-protests/a-6201316 http://www.marxist.com/greek-december-short-balance-sheet.htm http://www.apostropher.com/blog/archives/001542.html

3. What is the effect of agricultural trade on exchange rate regimes? Question

4. Background on Independent Variable Decline Globalization, Industrialization <1960 = 30% of all merch trade By 2000, <9% Still a Loud Voice Dwight Watson –Thousands in damages –10 block area shut down in DC –Federal offices evacuated In 2012 alone: –Serbia, India, Paraguay Anderson, 2010, p. 3009 Leonnig, 2003 United Press Int’l, 2012; Prensa Latina, 2012; The Times of India, 2012) Image: http://www.apostropher.com/blog/archives/001542.htmlhttp://www.apostropher.com/blog/archives/001542.html.

5. Background on Dependent Variable Elwell, 2011; Singer, 2010 Image: http://www.voxeu.org/article/empirical- evidence-monetary-policy-trilemma-1970http://www.voxeu.org/article/empirical- evidence-monetary-policy-trilemma-1970 Exchange rate regimes: –Float, fix, peg The Gold Standard  Bretton-Woods  Float Mundell-Fleming Trilemma: –Free flow $, exΔ rate certainty, policy-making autonomy –“Flexibility vs. credibility”(Singer, 2010)

6. Hypotheses Pegged Rate Floating Rate They would move towards a… Hypotheses 1.Share of GDP in the agricultural sector 1.Share of GDP in agricultural exporting 1.Share of GDP in Domestic Agriculture Hypotheses If a country has large…

7. Methods Data Sets: Singer & WDI –1980 to 2008 Independent Variable  Agricultural Economy »Agriculture’s %GDP per capita »Exports in Agriculture (% of GDP) »Domestic Agriculture (% of GDP) Dependent Variable  Exchange Rate Regimes »IMF scale: 1 = fully fixed, 4 = fully floating

8. More Variables Test for Robustness Control Variables  Lagged Dependent Variable -Remittances -Exports -Reserves -Democracy -Inflation -Manufacturing -A few more…

9. Results Table 5.1: Relationship Between Agricultural Sector and Exchange Rate Regime, 1980-2009 Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5 Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)-0.001 (0.002) Agricultural raw materials exports, (% of GDP)-0.073***-0.017***-0.013**-0.010** (0.012)(0.006)(0.005) Domestic Agriculture, value added (% of GDP).007***0.0030.0010.000 (0.002)(0.003)(0.002)(0.001) Lagged dependent variable0.856***0.874***0.875*** (0.017)(0.013)0.012 Remittances/GDP (lagged)-0.008*-0.004 (0.004)(0.003) Exports/GDP (lagged)-0.002**-0.003*** (0.001) Reserves (in months of imports)-0.012*-0.010*-0.007 (0.007)(0.006)(0.005) Democracy (polity score)0.007**0.006** 0.003(0.003)(0.002) Current account balance0.007*0.003 (0.004)(0.003) Inflation (lagged)0.000 (0.000) Manufacturing/GDP0.001 (0.003) Percent fix (de jure only)-0.003 (0.002) Year-0.002 (0.003) Capital account openness (KAOPEN)-0.002 (0.014) Terms of trade volatility-0.002 (0.003) Constant2.191***2.306***4.3140.463***0.426*** (0.040)(0.047)(5.900)(0.064)(0.056) Obs.2676191094513141525 Note: Regression coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p<0.1, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01

10. Conclusions 1.Agriculture (%GDP) insignificant 1.Exports consistently negative and significant 1. Last hypothesis unsupported 1. Remittances insignificant when agriculture is accounted for

11. Pegged Rate Floating Rate 1.Share of GDP in the agricultural sector 1.Share of GDP in agricultural exporting 1.Share of GDP in Domestic Agriculture Analysis They would move towards a…If a country has large…

12. Why are these results important? Exchange rates are highly manipulated –What influences exchange rates? Many variables to consider Well-being of people

13. Continuing our Work Introduction to larger macroeconomic issues Looking at international trade as a whole More accurate and comprehensive data –Imports, more countries, etc.

14. Thank You! Questions?Comments?Concerns?