1. Abhik Majumdar, Rohit Puri, Kannan Ramchandran, and Jim Chou /24 1 Distributed Video Coding and Its Application Presented by Lei Sun

2. Introduction(1/3) /24 2 Contemporary digital video coding architectures have been driven primarily by the “downlink” broadcast model of a complex encoder and multitude of light decoders. However, with the current proliferation of video devices which have constrained computing ability, memory and battery power, we expect future systems to use multiple video input and output streams captured using a network of distributed devices and transmitted over a bandwidth- constrained, noisy wireless transmission medium.

3. Introduction(2/3) /24 3 System requirements: robustness to packet/frame loss caused by channel transmission errors; low-power and light-footprint encoding due to limited battery power and/or device memory; high compression efficiency due to both bandwidth and transmission power limitation.

4. Introduction(3/3) /24 4 PRISM (a video coding paradigms founded on the principles of source coding with side information) A flexible distribution of computational complexity between encoder and decoder High compression efficiency

5. Background on Source Coding with Side Information (1/3) /24 5 Let 3bits binary data X, Y can have the same possibilty of 8 values. they are correlated so the Hamming distance is at most 1. there are 2 scenario showed in figure 1 Scenario a: X can be encoded in 2 bits using (X ⊕ Y) since Y is available both on encoder and decoder. Scenario b: Y is only available on decoder, X encoded in to a coset index so the decoder reception coset index using Y. Figure 1

6. Background on Source Coding with Side Information (2/3) /24 6 compressing the two or more sources seperately and decoding using the correlation between these sources Slepian and Wolf theorem (lossless case) Wyner-Ziv theorem (lossy case)

7. Background on Source Coding with Side Information (3/3) /24 7 Figures 2,4 show the structure of the Wyner-Ziv encoding and decoding Figure 2 (a) Encoding consists of quantization followed by a binning operation encoding U into Bin (Coset) index.

8. (b) Structure of distributed decoders. Decoding consists of “de-binning” followed by estimation. (c) Structure of the codebook bins. Figure 3 /24 8

9. Architectural Goals of PRISM /24 9 Compression Performance The current macro-block X can be encoded into bin index which reduces the encoding rate. Robustness As long as |Y-X|< δ (step size), the decoder is guaranteed to recover the correct output. Moving Motion-Search Complexity to the Decoder Uncertainty at the receiver about the exactly state of the side information that requires Motion-search at the decoder.

10. A Theory for Distributed Video Coding /24 10 Sharing Motion Complexity between Encoder and Decoder A Motion-Compensated Video model Figure 4: Motion-indexed additive–innovations model for video signals. X denotes a block of size n pixels in the current frame to be encoded and {Y 1,Y 2 …Y m } is the set of blocks (each of size n) in the previous decoded frame corresponding to different values of the motion vector indexed by T.

11. Sharing Motion Complexity between Encoder and Decoder… /24 11 Motion-Compensated Predictive Coding Step1:The encoder estimates and transmits the index of the estimated motion vector to the decoder. Step 2: Once the decoder knows T, the video coding problem is reduced to the problem of compressing the “source” X using the correlated side- information Y T now available to both the encoder and the decoder.

12. Sharing Motion Complexity between Encoder and Decoder… /24 12 Distributed Video Coding In this case, due to severely limited processing capability (or some other reason), the encoder is disallowed from performing the complex motion- compensated prediction task. This is in effect pretending that the encoder does not have access to the previous decoded blocks Y1,...,YM.

13. A Theory for Distributed Video Coding /24 13 Robustness to Transmission Errors Discrete Data, lossless Recover The R pc lb =H(Z)+H(Y|Y’), In this case, when either channel noise or the accumulated drift is small, the cost of correct errors is not take too many bits, however, if they are big, the rate penalty is significant. Jiontly Gaussian Data, Recovery with MSE<=D In general, if the channel noise is too big, this system is akin to the case of not sending the block at all.

14. A Theory for Distributed Video Coding /24 14 Complexity Performance Trade-Offs Typically, the more the complexity invested in the motion estimation process, the more accurate is the estimate of the statistics leading to better compression performance.

15. PRISM: Encoding /24 15 Decorrelating Transform (DCT on source block) Quantization Classification Syndrome Encoding Hash Generation

16. PRISM: Encoding /24 16 Classification Figure 5: A bit plane view of a block of 64 coefficients. Bit planes are arranged in increasing order with 0 corresponding to the least-significant bit.

17. Classification… /24 17 depending on the available complexity budget, as well as the prevailing channel conditions, the classification module can perform varying degrees of motion search, ranging from an exhaustive motion search to a coarse motion search to no motion search at all.

18. PRISM: Encoding /24 18 Hash Generation A hash signature for the quantized sequence codewords is more pratical to let decoder know which is the “best” predictor for the block X.

19. PRISM: Encoding /24 19 Figure 7: Functional block diagram of the encoder. Figure 6: Bit stream associated with a block.

20. PRISM: Decoding /24 20 Figure 8: Functional block diagram of the decoder.

21. Simulation Results /24 21 Figure 9 encoding rate comparison

22. Simulation Results /24 22 Figure 10 packet drop rate comparison

23. Simulation Results /24 23 Figure 11 frame Number comparison

24. Summary /24 24 The PRISM is a pratical video coding framework built on distributed source coding principles. Base on a generalization of the classical Wyner-Ziv step, PRISM is characterized by inherent system uncertain about the “state” of the relevant side information that is know at the decoder. The two main architectural goals of PRISM make it radically different from existing video codecs.