1. TYCHO BRAHE By: Elisabeth Levi, Lakeisha Furr, Zach Mayer, and Evan Holman

2. info Born December 14, 1546, in Scania, Denmark 1566 Tycho Brahe studies in Rostock.. Partnered with Johannes Kepler. Died in 1601. He had a prosthetic nose

3. Achievments He proved that comets are not objects in the atmosphere Tycho Brahe made a remarkable star catalogue of over 1000 stars Created precise measures of the Solar System

4. What did he contribute to astronomy? He charted over 1000 stars in the sky. He made important contributions by devising the most precise instruments available before the invention of the telescope for observing the heavens His observations of planetary motion, particularly that of Mars, provided the crucial data for later astronomers like Kepler to construct our present model of the solar system. Brahe made careful observations of a comet in 1577 By measuring the parallax for the comet, he was able to show that the comet was further away than the Moon.

5. Stephen Hawkings

6. Biography Born in Oxford, England on January 8 th, 1942. Wanted to major in Mathmatics but it wasn’t available at the university, so he studied physics. Got PHD at Cambridge for Cosmology.

7. Achievements He discovered a theory of Black Holes. He has twelve Honorary Degrees He was awarded the CBE in 1982

8. Achievements He proved/developed the Theory of Relativity that implied space & time would have a being in the beginning & an end in black holes.

9. Facts He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and Quantum Gravity especially in the context of blacks holes. A member of the US National Academy of Sciences.

10. Sir Isaac Newton By: Amy Dawes, Zach Holland, Alberto Hernandez, Brandon Furr

11. Biographical Information Born in January 4, 1643. Born at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. Went to Cambridge University in 1661. He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1667. Died in March 31, 1727.

12. Achievements Made the first reflecting telescope. Created the three laws of motion. Developed differential and integral calculus. Changed white light to many colors using a prism.

13. Laws of motion Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma.

14. Contribution to astronomy His biggest contribution to astronomy was the law of gravity. Invented the mathematical discipline of calculus. Helped scientists in future studies of gravity and astronomy.

15. Nicholaus Copernicus 1473-1543

16. Biological Information Born on February 19, 1473, was the youngest of four children of Nicholaus Copernicus Sr. and Barbara Watzenrode. Born in Torun, Poland He belonged to a family of merchants. Copernicus studied at the University of Cracow from 1491 to 1494 Copernicus then set out for Bologna, Italy where he became influenced by Domenico Maria de Novara, an astronomer.

17. Achievements In 1512, he created the Heliocentric System. Created a concept of a universe in which the distances of the planets from the sun bore a direct relationship to the size of their orbits. Proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it.

18. Contribution to Astronomy Copernicus is said to be the founder of modern astronomy. The most important aspect of Copernicus' work is that it forever changed the place of man in the cosmos. While a student at the University of Kraków, he discovered several logical contradictions in the existing astronomical system taught at that time, which put the earth at the center of the universe.

19. Contribution Continued Copernicus put an end to the belief that the earth was the center of the universe by properly placing the planet earth in orbit around the sun, revolving once around the sun each year while rotating on its axis once every twenty-four hours.

21. Johannes Kepler December 27, 1571- November 15, 1630. Brittany Miller, Cailey Tolsen, Kevin McAllister, Nate Middleton.

22. Biography- Born in a town called Weil der Stadt in Swabia, Germany. Was a sickly child, but an excellent student. At the age of 13 he entered a religious training school in Adelberg Germany. He watched the great comet of 1577 an eclipse of the moon.

23. Biography- Graduated from the University of Tübingen in 1591. Liked Capernicus’ theories. In 1597, he married Barbara Muehleck. Only 2 of his 5 children reached adulthood.

24. Important Accomplishments Job- assistant of Tycho Brahe, astronomer, and math mathematician to Rudolph 2 nd Replaced Brahe- first job was to prepare Brahe’s astronomy studies for publication

25. Important Accomplishments- Kepler’s 1 st law- An ellipse has 2 foci.

26. Important Accomplishments- Kepler’s 2 nd law- The imaginary line joining the Sun sweeps over equal areas of space in an equal amount of time.

27. Important Accomplishments Keplers 3 rd law (Harmonic Law)- The period of a planet squared is equal to the cube of its mean distance. (P squared = D cubed)

28. Edwin Hubble

29. Table of contents:  Background  Discoveries  Contributions

30. Background  Born November 20, 1889 in Marshfield,Missouri  Studied mathematics and astronomy and earned a bachelor of science degree  Tall athletic, excelled at sports  Coached High School basketball  Served in WW1  Edwin Hubble was named after the Hubble space Telescope

31. Discoveries In the 1920’s, he discovered countless galaxies beyond our own. In 1923, Edwin used the Hooker Telescope and saw a hazy patch of the sky and called it the Andromeda Nebula. Later he discovered that the Andromeda Nebula wasn’t a nearby star cluster, but an entire other galaxy and he called it the Andromeda Galaxy. In order to classify the galaxies, he created a system called the Hubble Tuning Fork Diagram, which put the galaxies as either an Elliptical, Spiral, or Barred Spiral. o Most astonishing discovery was his study of the Spectra of 46 galaxies. o Found out that the further apart the galaxies are from each other, the faster they move away from each other, which means that the universe continues to expand. o Hubble estimated that the universe expands at a rate of 500 km per second per mega parsec, which is known as the Hubble Constant.

32. Contributions/ Achievements He found out that the universe is expanding constantly Bruce Medal in 1938. Medal of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946—ARP Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940.

33. Claudius Ptolemy 90-168 AD By : Tanneh Nimely, Jay Pancholi, Eddie Fuller, Alex Proudfoot

34. Ptolemy’s Life Born in 90 AD No one knows much about his childlife. Ptolemy made astronomical observations from Alexandria during the years of 127-141 Ptolemy’s teacher was Theon of Smyrna. He was an observer and a mathematician who had written astronomical topics like eclipses.

35. Achievements Ptolemy wrote a book about the motions of the planets and the stars called Almagest. He cataloged 1,028 stars and described all the known variances of the constellations and the legends that went along with them. He was also a renowned cartographer. He had a book with very detailed maps that Christopher Columbus used in 1492 when he discovered the Americas.

36. Astronomy Contributions Ptolemy developed a system that allowed hi to predict where planets would appear in the sky at any given time. Ptolemy’s Model of the Solar system and heavenly sphere was a refinement of previous models developed by Greek astronomers. Ptolemy’s didn’t work perfectly, observations didn’t always correlate with the model he predicted. But Ptolemy’s model was used by astronomers until the 16 th century.

37. Horoscopes Ptolemy’s astronomy had been widely criticized There were three zodiacs surrounding the orbits of the planets The Zodiacs represent the threefold spiritual constitution of the universe. In the n the Phaseis (Risings of the Fixed Stars) Ptolemy gave a parapegma, a star calendar or almanac based on the appearances and disappearances of stars over the course of the solar year.