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Operating Systems Review. Part One: Overview Part Two: Process Management Part Three: Memory Management Part Four: Storage Management.

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Presentation on theme: "Operating Systems Review. Part One: Overview Part Two: Process Management Part Three: Memory Management Part Four: Storage Management."— Presentation transcript:

1 Operating Systems Review

2 Part One: Overview Part Two: Process Management Part Three: Memory Management Part Four: Storage Management

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4 操作系统的发展  批处理系统  分时系统  实时系统 操作系统特点 重要概念:  操作系统( Operating Systems )  多道程序设计 (Multi Programming)  系统调用 ( System Call )  微内核技术 (Micro Kernel)

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6 Chapter 3: Processes Process  Comparison between Process and Program 进程与程序的 比较  Process State  Process Control Block (PCB)

7 Process Scheduling  Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) 长程调度(作业 调度)  Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler , Process scheduler) 短程调度( CPU 调度、进程调度)  medium - term scheduler 中程调度  degree of multiprogramming 多道程序度  I/O-bound process I/O 型进程  CPU-bound process CPU 型进程  context switch 上下文切换

8 Operations on Processes InterProcess-Communication (IPC)  Direct Communication  Indirect Communication Communication in Client-Server Systems  Sockets  Remote Procedure Calls--RPC  Remote Method Invocation --RMI

9 线程 Threads 线程 Thread (LWP --lightweight process)  User threads  Kernel threads Multithreading Models

10 CPU Scheduling 概念 概念 CPU-I/O 区间周期  CPU-I/O Burst Cycle CPU-I/O 区间周期 CPU 调度程序  CPU Scheduler CPU 调度程序 &  Preemptive Scheduling & nonpreemptive scheduling 分派程序  Dispatcher 分派程序  CPU utilization, Throughput, Turnaround time, Waiting time, Response time Scheduling Algorithms

11 Process Synchronization 概念 概念  Race condition  Critical Resource 临界资源  Critical Section 临界区  Synchronization & mutually exclusive (互斥) Solution to Critical-Section Problem( 要求 ) Synchronization Hardware  TestAndSet  Swap Semaphores Semaphores Monitor Monitor

12 DEADLOCKS Deadlock Deadlock Necessary Conditions Deadlock prevention Deadlock avoidance Deadlock Detection & Recovery

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14 Main Memory 概念 概念  Logical vs. Physical Address  Memory-Management Unit (MMU)  Dynamic Loading  Dynamic Linking  Swapping

15 Contiguous Allocation  Single-partition allocation  Multiple-partition allocation Hole Hole Dynamic Storage-Allocation Algorithms Fragmentation Fragmentation External Fragmentation External Fragmentation Internal Fragmentation Internal Fragmentation Compaction Compaction

16 Paging  FramePagepage table  Frame , Page , page table  Page-table base register PTBR  Page-table base register (PTBR)  Page-table length register PRLR  Page-table length register (PRLR)  associative memorytranslation look-aside buffersTLBs  associative memory or translation look-aside buffers (TLBs)  Effective Access Time  Hierarchical Paging 分级分页 Segmentation

17 Virtual Memory Virtual memory  Page Fault  Pure demand paging  Page Fault Rate  Effective Access Time EAT  Effective Access Time (EAT)( for a demand-paged memory)

18 Page-replacement algorithm Frame-allocation algorithm Thrashing  working set  Page-Fault Frequency

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20 Access time  Seek time 寻道时间  Rotational latency 旋转延迟  Transfer time ( 传输时间 ) Disk Scheduling 磁盘调度 RAID

21 File-System Interface file directory structure; Partitions Access Methods Directory Structure

22 File-System Implementation File control block ( FCB ) 文件控制块 On-disk and in-memory structures used to implement a file system  Open a file  Close a file  Virtual File Systems (VFS) Directory Implementation 目录实现  Linear list 线性表  Hash Table 哈希表

23 Allocation Methods 连续分配  Contiguous allocation 连续分配 链接分配  Linked allocation 链接分配 索引分配  Indexed allocation 索引分配

24 Free-Space Management  Bit vector (bit map) 位向量(位映象)  Linked list (free list)  Grouping 分组(成组链接法)  Counting 计数

25 I/O Systems (端口)(总线) (控制器) Port (端口) Bus (总线) Controller (控制器) Interaction between the host and a controller 主机与控制器之间的交互 (轮询)  Polling (轮询) (中断)  Interrupts (中断) (--直接内存访问)  Direct Memory Access ( DMA --直接内存访问)

26 I/O subsystem improves the efficiency of the computer  scheduling I/O operations  using storage space in main memory or on disk, via techniques called buffering, caching, and SPOOLing.

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