1. Operating Systems Review

2. Part One: Overview Part Two: Process Management Part Three: Memory Management Part Four: Storage Management

4. 操作系统的发展  批处理系统  分时系统  实时系统 操作系统特点 重要概念：  操作系统（ Operating Systems ）  多道程序设计 (Multi Programming)  系统调用 （ System Call ）  微内核技术 (Micro Kernel)

6. Chapter 3: Processes Process  Comparison between Process and Program 进程与程序的 比较  Process State  Process Control Block (PCB)

7. Process Scheduling  Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) 长程调度（作业 调度）  Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler ， Process scheduler) 短程调度（ CPU 调度、进程调度）  medium － term scheduler 中程调度  degree of multiprogramming 多道程序度  I/O-bound process I/O 型进程  CPU-bound process CPU 型进程  context switch 上下文切换

8. Operations on Processes InterProcess-Communication (IPC)  Direct Communication  Indirect Communication Communication in Client-Server Systems  Sockets  Remote Procedure Calls--RPC  Remote Method Invocation --RMI

9. 线程 Threads 线程 Thread (LWP --lightweight process)  User threads  Kernel threads Multithreading Models

10. CPU Scheduling 概念 概念 CPU-I/O 区间周期  CPU-I/O Burst Cycle CPU-I/O 区间周期 CPU 调度程序  CPU Scheduler CPU 调度程序 &  Preemptive Scheduling & nonpreemptive scheduling 分派程序  Dispatcher 分派程序  CPU utilization, Throughput, Turnaround time, Waiting time, Response time Scheduling Algorithms

11. Process Synchronization 概念 概念  Race condition  Critical Resource 临界资源  Critical Section 临界区  Synchronization & mutually exclusive （互斥） Solution to Critical-Section Problem( 要求 ) Synchronization Hardware  TestAndSet  Swap Semaphores Semaphores Monitor Monitor

12. DEADLOCKS Deadlock Deadlock Necessary Conditions Deadlock prevention Deadlock avoidance Deadlock Detection & Recovery

14. Main Memory 概念 概念  Logical vs. Physical Address  Memory-Management Unit (MMU)  Dynamic Loading  Dynamic Linking  Swapping

15. Contiguous Allocation  Single-partition allocation  Multiple-partition allocation Hole Hole Dynamic Storage-Allocation Algorithms Fragmentation Fragmentation External Fragmentation External Fragmentation Internal Fragmentation Internal Fragmentation Compaction Compaction

16. Paging  FramePagepage table  Frame ， Page ， page table  Page-table base register PTBR  Page-table base register (PTBR)  Page-table length register PRLR  Page-table length register (PRLR)  associative memorytranslation look-aside buffersTLBs  associative memory or translation look-aside buffers (TLBs)  Effective Access Time  Hierarchical Paging 分级分页 Segmentation

17. Virtual Memory Virtual memory  Page Fault  Pure demand paging  Page Fault Rate  Effective Access Time EAT  Effective Access Time (EAT)( for a demand-paged memory)

18. Page-replacement algorithm Frame-allocation algorithm Thrashing  working set  Page-Fault Frequency

20. Access time  Seek time 寻道时间  Rotational latency 旋转延迟  Transfer time ( 传输时间 ) Disk Scheduling 磁盘调度 RAID

21. File-System Interface file directory structure; Partitions Access Methods Directory Structure

22. File-System Implementation File control block （ FCB ） 文件控制块 On-disk and in-memory structures used to implement a file system  Open a file  Close a file  Virtual File Systems (VFS) Directory Implementation 目录实现  Linear list 线性表  Hash Table 哈希表

23. Allocation Methods 连续分配  Contiguous allocation 连续分配 链接分配  Linked allocation 链接分配 索引分配  Indexed allocation 索引分配

24. Free-Space Management  Bit vector (bit map) 位向量（位映象）  Linked list (free list)  Grouping 分组（成组链接法）  Counting 计数

25. I/O Systems （端口）（总线） （控制器） Port （端口） Bus （总线） Controller （控制器） Interaction between the host and a controller 主机与控制器之间的交互 （轮询）  Polling （轮询） （中断）  Interrupts （中断） （－－直接内存访问）  Direct Memory Access （ DMA －－直接内存访问）

26. I/O subsystem improves the efficiency of the computer  scheduling I/O operations  using storage space in main memory or on disk, via techniques called buffering, caching, and SPOOLing.