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Published byNorah Gibson Modified over 9 years ago
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Operating Systems Review
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Part One: Overview Part Two: Process Management Part Three: Memory Management Part Four: Storage Management
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操作系统的发展 批处理系统 分时系统 实时系统 操作系统特点 重要概念: 操作系统( Operating Systems ) 多道程序设计 (Multi Programming) 系统调用 ( System Call ) 微内核技术 (Micro Kernel)
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Chapter 3: Processes Process Comparison between Process and Program 进程与程序的 比较 Process State Process Control Block (PCB)
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Process Scheduling Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) 长程调度(作业 调度) Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler , Process scheduler) 短程调度( CPU 调度、进程调度) medium - term scheduler 中程调度 degree of multiprogramming 多道程序度 I/O-bound process I/O 型进程 CPU-bound process CPU 型进程 context switch 上下文切换
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Operations on Processes InterProcess-Communication (IPC) Direct Communication Indirect Communication Communication in Client-Server Systems Sockets Remote Procedure Calls--RPC Remote Method Invocation --RMI
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线程 Threads 线程 Thread (LWP --lightweight process) User threads Kernel threads Multithreading Models
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CPU Scheduling 概念 概念 CPU-I/O 区间周期 CPU-I/O Burst Cycle CPU-I/O 区间周期 CPU 调度程序 CPU Scheduler CPU 调度程序 & Preemptive Scheduling & nonpreemptive scheduling 分派程序 Dispatcher 分派程序 CPU utilization, Throughput, Turnaround time, Waiting time, Response time Scheduling Algorithms
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Process Synchronization 概念 概念 Race condition Critical Resource 临界资源 Critical Section 临界区 Synchronization & mutually exclusive (互斥) Solution to Critical-Section Problem( 要求 ) Synchronization Hardware TestAndSet Swap Semaphores Semaphores Monitor Monitor
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DEADLOCKS Deadlock Deadlock Necessary Conditions Deadlock prevention Deadlock avoidance Deadlock Detection & Recovery
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Main Memory 概念 概念 Logical vs. Physical Address Memory-Management Unit (MMU) Dynamic Loading Dynamic Linking Swapping
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Contiguous Allocation Single-partition allocation Multiple-partition allocation Hole Hole Dynamic Storage-Allocation Algorithms Fragmentation Fragmentation External Fragmentation External Fragmentation Internal Fragmentation Internal Fragmentation Compaction Compaction
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Paging FramePagepage table Frame , Page , page table Page-table base register PTBR Page-table base register (PTBR) Page-table length register PRLR Page-table length register (PRLR) associative memorytranslation look-aside buffersTLBs associative memory or translation look-aside buffers (TLBs) Effective Access Time Hierarchical Paging 分级分页 Segmentation
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Virtual Memory Virtual memory Page Fault Pure demand paging Page Fault Rate Effective Access Time EAT Effective Access Time (EAT)( for a demand-paged memory)
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Page-replacement algorithm Frame-allocation algorithm Thrashing working set Page-Fault Frequency
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Access time Seek time 寻道时间 Rotational latency 旋转延迟 Transfer time ( 传输时间 ) Disk Scheduling 磁盘调度 RAID
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File-System Interface file directory structure; Partitions Access Methods Directory Structure
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File-System Implementation File control block ( FCB ) 文件控制块 On-disk and in-memory structures used to implement a file system Open a file Close a file Virtual File Systems (VFS) Directory Implementation 目录实现 Linear list 线性表 Hash Table 哈希表
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Allocation Methods 连续分配 Contiguous allocation 连续分配 链接分配 Linked allocation 链接分配 索引分配 Indexed allocation 索引分配
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Free-Space Management Bit vector (bit map) 位向量(位映象) Linked list (free list) Grouping 分组(成组链接法) Counting 计数
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I/O Systems (端口)(总线) (控制器) Port (端口) Bus (总线) Controller (控制器) Interaction between the host and a controller 主机与控制器之间的交互 (轮询) Polling (轮询) (中断) Interrupts (中断) (--直接内存访问) Direct Memory Access ( DMA --直接内存访问)
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I/O subsystem improves the efficiency of the computer scheduling I/O operations using storage space in main memory or on disk, via techniques called buffering, caching, and SPOOLing.
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