1. REPORT TEXT by Afra Hanify Auly Avecenia

2. GENERAL Bats : mammals forelimbs wings can fly.
(the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight)
do not flap their entire forelimbs (flap their spread out digits)
Chiroptera

3. about 1,100 bat species worldwide
20% classified mammal species
70% Insectivores
10 % frugivores, or fruit eaters
Many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for the distribution of their seeds (perform vital ecological roles such as pollinating flowers and dispersing fruit seeds)

4. Echolocation
a perceptual system ultrasonic sounds are emitted to produce echoes.
By comparing
outgoing pulse returning echoes
brain and auditory nervous system
detailed images of the bat's surroundings

5. allows bats to detect, localize and even classify their prey in complete darkness. At 130 decibels in intensity, bat calls are some of the most intense airborne animal sounds.
In order to distinguish returning information, bats need to be able to separate their calls from the echoes they are receiving. Within the former microbats there are two distinct approaches.
1.Low Duty Cycle Echolocation
2. High Duty Cycle Echolocation

6. 1.Low Duty Cycle Echolocation:
Separate their calls and returning echos in time.
use this approach time their short calls to finish before echoes return.
important because these bats contract their middle ear muscles when
emitting a call in order to avoid deafening themselves.
The time interval between call and echo allows them to relax these
muscles so they can clearly hear the returning echo.
2. High Duty Cycle Echolocation:
emit a continuous call and separate pulse and echo in frequency
receive echoes back at the finely tuned frequency range by taking advantage of the Doppler shift of their motion in flight, have adapted to change their pulse emission frequency in relation to their flight speed so echoes still return in the optimal hearing range.

7. WINGS The finger bones of bats are much more flexible
the cartilage in their fingers lacks calcium and other minerals nearer the tips
The cross-section of the finger bone is flattened
The skin on their wing membranes has more elasticity and so can stretch much more than other mammals.
much thinner can manoeuvre more quickly and more accurately

8. able to regrow, can heal quickly.
The wings is equipped with touch-sensitive
receptors on small bumps called Merkel cells
These sensitive areas are different in bats as each bump has a tiny hair in the center,making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings
Some bats like the little brown bat can use this

9. Reproduction have one to three litters in a season
Most bats have a breeding season
have one to three litters in a season
Females generally have one offspring at a time.
Female bats nurse their youngster until it has grown nearly to adult size
Females of some species have delayed fertilization, in which sperm are stored in the reproductive tract for several months after mating.

10. another strategy, fertilization and implantation both occur but development of the fetus is delayed until favorable conditions prevail
All of these adaptations result in the pup being born during a time of high local production of fruit or insects
A single bat can live over 20 years

11. Fooding food consumed includes: Insects Fruits and flower nectar
Vertebrates
Blood 

12. Hunting Bats are nocturnal creatures.
daylight hours : grooming, sleeping, and resting
nighttime hours that they hunt
The means by which bats navigate while finding and catching their prey in the dark was unknown
until the 1790s
Lazzaro Spallanzani
conducted a series of experiments & concluded that
bats were not using their eyes to fly through complete darkness
bats were able to catch and find their prey through the use of their ears
bats use their ears to locate and catch their prey

14. TERIMAKASIH