1. Carbohydrates

2. Structure and Function How do we define a carbohydrate? aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups “hydrate” of carbon – C-H 2 O What are some of the functions of carbohydrates? fuel for cells storage of energy cell structure metabolic intermediates cell-cell recognition

3. Monosaccharides How is an aldose different from a ketose? H-C=O versus C=O How do we classify monosaccharides? number of carbon atoms (3-9) trioses tetroses pentoses hexoses

4. Monosaccharides What are enantiomers? D and L forms – D and L designate configuration of asymmetric carbon farthest from aldehyde or ketone group

5. Aldoses

6. Ketoses

7. Cyclization of Monosaccharides Aldehydes react with alcohols to form hemiacetals

8. Aldohexoses such as glucose can form intramolecular hemiacetals. Cyclization of Monosaccharides

9. Ketones react with alcohols to form hemiketals.

10. Ketohexoses such as fructose can form intramolecular hemiketals. Cyclization of Monosaccharides

11. Cyclization creates a second asymmetric carbon atom  -D-glucopyranose and  -D-glucopyranose depends upon position of group at carbon 1 C – 1 is anomeric carbon  means hydroxyl group is below plane of ring  means hydroxyl group is above plane of ring  -D-fructofuranose and  -D-fructofuranose C – 2 is anomeric carbon

12. Cyclization of Monosaccharides Fructose can form both 5-membered furanose and 6-membered pyranose rings

13. Monosaccharides To what do the terms chair,boat, and envelope refer?

14. Monosaccharides What are glycosidic bonds? formed from reaction of monosaccharide with alcohol or with amine

15. Monosaccharides What are reducing sugars? sugars that have free aldehyde group that are easily oxidized by oxidizing agents such as Cu +2

16. Disaccharides How are disaccharides formed?

17. Disaccharides What are the most common disaccharides? sucrose maltose lactose

18. Disaccharides

21. Polysaccharides What do glycogen and starch have in common? polymers of glucose homopolymers How are glycogen and starch different? glycogen - major storage form in animals starch – major storage form in plants

22. Polysaccharides

23. What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin? amylose is unbranched and amylopectin has branches

24. Polysaccharides How is cellulose similar to and different from starch? both found in plants both made of glucose units cellulose is structural, starch is nutritional starch contains  linkages and cellulose  linkages

25. Polysaccharides

26. What are glycosaminoglycans? polysaccharides made of repeating units of disaccharides containing a derivative of an amino sugar one of the sugars in unit has negatively charged carboxylate or sulfate group usually attached to proteins proteoglycans

27. Glycosaminoglycans

28. Oligosaccharide Formation What are glycosyltransferases? enzymes that catalyze formation of glycosidic bonds

29. Glycosyltransferases What is the connection between these enzymes and the human blood groups? A, B, and O blood groups have different oligosaccharides attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids on surface A and B have one extra monosaccharide unit added by glycosyltransferase

30. Glycosyltransferases