1. Andrew Smith Dietary patterns in the ALSPAC cohort: Cluster analysis EUCCONET International Workshop 18th October 2011

2. Andrew Smith Dietary patterns in the ALSPAC cohort: Cluster analysis Pauline Emmett P. K. Newby Kate Northstone World Cancer Research Fund

3. Dietary patterns Examine diet as a whole Start with many variables (e.g. FFQ, diet diary) Express as a small number of variables Image: Paul / FreeDigitalPhotos.net

4. Principal components analysis (PCA) Examine diet as a whole Start with many variables (e.g. FFQ, diet diary) Use correlations between foods Express as a small number of components Image: Paul / FreeDigitalPhotos.net

5. Cluster analysis Examine diet as a whole Start with many variables (e.g. FFQ, diet diary) Use similarities between people Express as a small number of clusters Image: Paul / FreeDigitalPhotos.net

6. Dietary patterns studies in ALSPAC SourcePCACluster Mothers FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2008a Partners FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2010 FFQ age 3North, Emmett et al. 2000 FFQ age 4½Northstone, Emmett et al. 2005 FFQ age 7Northstone, Emmett et al. 2005Smith et al. 2011 FFQ age 9Northstone and Emmett, 2008b Diet diary age 10in submission FFQs age 13in submission

7. Case study: PCA of FFQ age 7 Northstone and Emmett, 2005 Image: Suat Eman, winnond / FreeDigitalPhotos.net Junk Traditional Health conscious

8. Dietary patterns studies in ALSPAC SourcePCACluster Mothers FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2008a Partners FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2010 FFQ age 3North, Emmett et al. 2000 FFQ age 4½Northstone, Emmett et al. 2005 FFQ age 7Northstone, Emmett et al. 2005Smith et al. 2011 FFQ age 9Northstone and Emmett, 2008b Diet diary age 10in submission FFQs age 13in submission

9. Cluster analysis k-means is most widely-used method Must avoid pitfalls –Standardization –Algorithm –Reliability Image: Boaz Yiftach / FreeDigitalPhotos.net

10. Dietary patterns studies in ALSPAC SourcePCACluster Mothers FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2008a Partners FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2010 FFQ age 3North, Emmett et al. 2000 FFQ age 4½Northstone, Emmett et al. 2005 FFQ age 7Northstone, Emmett et al. 2005Smith et al. 2011 FFQ age 9Northstone and Emmett, 2008b Diet diary age 10in submission FFQs age 13in submission

11. Case study: cluster analysis of FFQ age 7 FFQ administered to ALSPAC children at 81 months of age Input variables are the same as PCA (Northstone, Emmett et al. 2005) 8,279 children 3 clusters Smith et al. 2011

12. Case study: cluster analysis of FFQ age 7 Processed4177 children White bread Processed meat Fizzy drinks Ice cream Crisps Chips Squash Biscuits and sweets Plant- based 2065 children Brown/wholemeal bread Fruit and vegetables Vegetarian foods Pasta Rice Cereals Traditional British 2037 children Meat Potatoes Full-fat milk

13. Similarities with PCA

14. Cluster analysis of diet diary data 7473 children aged 10 Advantages –Similar 3-cluster solution (Processed, Plant-based, Traditional British) –Good separation between clusters Disadvantages –Not robust to under-reporting –PCA shows better associations with fat mass

15. Dietary patterns studies in ALSPAC SourcePCACluster Mothers FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2008a Partners FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2010 FFQ age 3North, Emmett et al. 2000 FFQ age 4½Northstone, Emmett et al. 2005 FFQ age 7Northstone, Emmett et al. 2005Smith et al. 2011 FFQ age 9Northstone and Emmett, 2008b Diet diary age 10in submission FFQs age 13in submission

16. Dietary patterns studies in ALSPAC SourcePCACluster Mothers FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2008a. Br J Nutr. 99 p.1099-106 Partners FFQNorthstone and Emmett, 2010. EJCN 64 p.978-86 FFQ age 3North, Emmett and the ALSPAC Study Team, 2000. EJCN 54 p.73-80 FFQ age 7Northstone, Emmett and the ALSPAC Study team, 2005. EJCN 59 p.751-60 Smith, Emmett, Newby, Northstone 2011. EJCN 65 p.1102-9 FFQ age 9Northstone and Emmett, 2008b. Br J Nutr 100 p.1069-76 Diet diary age 10in submission FFQs age 13in submission