1. Materials & Methods prospective study: February 2006 - January 2007 prospective study: February 2006 - January 2007 inclusion criteria: inclusion criteria: - patients undergoing transurethral resection (TUR-B) for newly diagnosed BCa, recurrent BCa & cystoscopically suspicious bladder lesions cystoscopically suspicious bladder lesions - BCa patients before cystectomy exclusion criteria: exclusion criteria: - patients with prostate cancer and other non-urothelial tumors controls: controls: - BPH patients, cystitis patients, healthy volunteers collection of urine and tissue samples: collection of urine and tissue samples: -for every TUR-B (prim. / sec. / tert.) -pre-operative urine sample - intra-operative tumor tissue & “normal appearing” bladder mucosa - - same procedure for recurrences (Fig.1) - controls: 1 urine sample processing and measurement of urine and tissue samples: processing and measurement of urine and tissue samples: - collection of up to 250 ml urine, immediately after transport to the laboratory - collection of up to 250 ml urine, processed immediately after transport to the laboratory - preparation of cellular components from urine by centrifugation (10 min, 4°C, 830 x g) - two washing steps in ice cold PBS - resuspension of the cellular pellet in 700 µl RNA-stabilizing buffer (Invitek, Berlin), storage at -80°C - collection of malignant and apparently non-malignant bladder tissue specimens during TUR-BT - immediate snap-freezing in liquid nitrogen - preparation of cryosections (60-80 slices à 4 µM) and addition of 600 µl RNA-stabilizing buffer (Invitek, Berlin) - isolation of total RNA by standard protocols (Spin Tissue/Cell RNA Mini Kit, Invitek, Berlin) - cDNA-synthesis using up to 500 µg RNA, random hexamer primers (Amersham) and Superscript II Rnase H Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) - quantitative PCR for transcript levels of survivin, XIAP & Ki67 and the reference gene TBP in urine and tissue samples using gene-specific primers and probes (LightCycler, Roche), detection limit of 10 transcript molecules samples using gene-specific primers and probes (LightCycler, Roche), detection limit of 10 transcript molecules correlation of the relative expression levels (internal normalization to TBP) of survivin, XIAP & Ki67 correlation of the relative expression levels (internal normalization to TBP) of survivin, XIAP & Ki67 with clinico-pathological data using SPSS 12.0 with clinico-pathological data using SPSS 12.0 Patients (n = 128) Patients (n = 128) age (median) = 70 yrs. (34 – 93yrs.) age (median) = 70 yrs. (34 – 93yrs.) M : F = 76 : 52 (59,4% : 40,6%) M : F = 76 : 52 (59,4% : 40,6%) newly diagnosed : recurrence = 103 : 25 (80,5% : 19,5%) newly diagnosed : recurrence = 103 : 25 (80,5% : 19,5%) PSA (median; 63 pts.) = 1.36 (0.16 – 33.91) PSA (median; 63 pts.) = 1.36 (0.16 – 33.91) tumor stage: tumor stage: - 18 pts. NT = no tumor detectable - 66 pts. pTa - 18 pts. pT1 - 21 pts. >pT1 - 4 pts. pTis only; for 1pt. tumor stage n.a. Controls Controls tumor grade: tumor grade: - 18 pts. NT = no tumor detectable - 10 pts. LMP (low malignancy potential) - 22 pts. low grade - 78 pts. high grade Introduction Bladder cancer (BCa): 4 th most common cancer in men & 9 th leading cause of death worldwideBladder cancer (BCa): 4 th most common cancer in men & 9 th leading cause of death worldwide cystoscopy & urine cytology: current gold standards for diagnosis & surveillance of BCacystoscopy & urine cytology: current gold standards for diagnosis & surveillance of BCa no ideal tumor marker for non-invasive diagnostic & surveillance at the momentno ideal tumor marker for non-invasive diagnostic & surveillance at the moment therefore new diagnostic methods and markers are needed, e.g. BCa-related transcript markers:therefore new diagnostic methods and markers are needed, e.g. BCa-related transcript markers: survivin (SVV) & XIAP: inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) survivin (SVV) & XIAP: inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) Ki67: proliferation marker, essential for cell cycle progression Ki67: proliferation marker, essential for cell cycle progression selectively over-expressed in most human malignancies incl. BCa selectively over-expressed in most human malignancies incl. BCa association between over-expression and higher stage & grade and with unfavorable prognosis association between over-expression and higher stage & grade and with unfavorable prognosis possible markers (tissue and urine specimens ) and therapeutic targets for BCa possible markers (tissue and urine specimens ) and therapeutic targets for BCa Objectives  to establish methods for quantitative transcript measurements (QPCR) in urine and tissue specimens  to determine suitability of transcript levels of different BCa-related genes (survivin, Ki67 and XIAP) in urine samples as diagnostic, surveillance and prognostic markers of BCa urine samples as diagnostic, surveillance and prognostic markers of BCa  to validate this bio-molecular technique as additional, non-invasive diagnostic tool in BCa assessment Fig.3 Transcript markers in urine specimens of BCa patients & controls The relative transcript levels of Ki67, SVV and XIAP (normalized to TBP) in urine samples of BCa patients undergoing TUR-B are shown in comparison to control groups (patients with BPH or cystitis and healthy volunteers). The “no tumor”-group comprises patients undergoing TUR-B due to the suspicion of having a BCa which could no be proven histologically. The solid lines within the boxplots represent the median transcript levels, numbers of samples per group are indicated.  For healthy controls the absent values were substituted by zero. Median values are presented. Fig.1 Course of treatment for BCa patients and sample collection Patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent BCa undergo a TUR-B.., a tertiary TUR-B or cystectomy is performed. Before each intervention, urine and tissue samples were collected when available. Patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent BCa undergo a TUR-B.. If needed, a second scope is scheduled 4-6 weeks later. When necessary, a tertiary TUR-B or cystectomy is performed. Before each intervention, urine and tissue samples were collected when available. Fig.2 Transcript markers in malignant and non-malignant bladder tissue specimens Distribution of the relative transcript levels of Ki67, SVV and XIAP (normalized to TBP) in unpaired malignant and non-malignant bladder specimens collected during TUR-B. The solid lines within the boxplots represent the medians, numbers of samples per group are indicated. Ratios of the medians in the Tu and Tf groups are shown in the table, an up-regulation in these tumor tissues is observed only for Ki67 and SVV. Median values are presented. Conclusion & Outlook  relative transcript levels of Ki67 and SVV possibly useful as BCa markers in urine samples  dependence on tumor stage and grade for both markers  XIAP not suitable for discrimination  XIAP not suitable for discrimination between disease/ patient groups  continuation of sample collection for better statistical calculations definition of cut-off values for calculation of test performance in comparison to cytology  subsequent definition of cut-off values for calculation of test performance in comparison to cytology  correlation with follow-up data  possible prediction of recurrence (SVV is well-known predictor) Results Tissue specimens: RNA quality for reliable QPCR measurement, only few samples negative reference geneTissue specimens: RNA quality satisfactory for reliable QPCR measurement, only few samples had negative reference gene expression, two reference genes tested for tissue and urine specimens:Initially, two reference genes tested for tissue and urine specimens: TBP expression (≥ 10 transcript molecules) more consistent than HPRT Urine specimens: negative correlation between reference gene expression & urinary contamination by RBCs, WBCs & bacteria  up to 20% of the samples with negative reference gene (e.g. patients with infection or macro-hematuria)Urine specimens: negative correlation between reference gene expression & urinary contamination by RBCs, WBCs & bacteria  up to 20% of the samples with negative reference gene expression (e.g. patients with infection or macro-hematuria) collection of one day after TUR-B  highThus, initial collection of urine one day after TUR-B  high frequency of negative reference gene expression Marker validation in tissue specimens by : only up-regulation (1.6- & 1.9-fold) of Ki67 and SVV in tumor specimens compared to apparently tumorfree tissue samples (Fig.2), enlargement of sample cohorts planned, stronger up-regulation in invasive BCa expected  comparison to cystectomy specimens plannedMarker validation in tissue specimens by comparing tumor & tumor-free specimens: only up-regulation (1.6- & 1.9-fold) of Ki67 and SVV in tumor specimens compared to apparently tumorfree tissue samples (Fig.2), enlargement of sample cohorts planned, stronger up-regulation in invasive BCa expected  comparison to cystectomy specimens planned similar trends observed in urine samples: transcript levels of Ki67 and SVV higher in urines from BCa patients compared to healthy individuals and patients with cystitis, but also slightly elevated levels in urines from BPH patients, no clear differences in XIAP levels in the different control groups (Fig.3)similar trends observed in urine samples: transcript levels of Ki67 and SVV higher in urines from BCa patients compared to healthy individuals and patients with cystitis, but also slightly elevated levels in urines from BPH patients, no clear differences in XIAP levels in the different control groups (Fig.3) dependence on tumor stage and grade observed for transcript levels of Ki67, SVV and XIAP (Fig.4 & 5)dependence on tumor stage and grade observed for transcript levels of Ki67, SVV and XIAP (Fig.4 & 5) patients without histologically proven BCa (NT group) displayed higher transcript levels of all three markers compared to healthy individuals, comparison to cytology will be performed after completion of measurementspatients without histologically proven BCa (NT group) displayed higher transcript levels of all three markers compared to healthy individuals, comparison to cytology will be performed after completion of measurements primary TUR-B cystectomy secondary TUR-B tertiary TUR-B cystectomy 4-6 weeks recurrence recurrence Non-invasive detection of bladder cancer by measurement of tumor-related transcript markers in urine Catharina Rippel 1, Juliane Schmidt 1, Woei-Yun Siow 2, Susanne Fuessel 1, Axel Meye 1, Andrea Lohse 1, Marc-Oliver Grimm 1, Oliver W. Hakenberg 1, Manfred P. Wirth 1 1 Department of Urology, Technical University of Dresden, Germany, 2 Dept. of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore Fig.5 Transcript markers in urine correlated with tumor grade Distribution of the relative transcript levels of Ki67, SVV and XIAP (normalized to TBP) in urine specimens collected before TUR-B correlated to tumor grade. The solid lines within the boxplots represent the median transcript levels, numbers of samples per group are indicated. Fig.4 Transcript markers in urine correlated with tumor stage Distribution of the relative transcript levels of Ki67, SVV and XIAP (normalized to TBP) in urine specimens collected before TUR-B correlated to tumor stage. The solid lines within the boxplots represent the median transcript levels, numbers of samples per group are indicated. BPHcystitishealthy n = 53 n = 7 n = 44 67 yrs (52-85) 35 yrs (19-76) 28.5 yrs (18-59) PSA median 2.21 ng/ml (0.28 – 13.71 ng/ml) M : F 1:6 (14,3% : 85,7%) (14,3% : 85,7%) M : F 13:27 (32,5 % : 67.5 %) (32,5 % : 67.5 %) unpaired tissue samples Ki67 / TBP SVV / TBP XIAP / TBP tumor tissue (n = 42) 3.941.3215.85 tumor-free tissue (n = 72) 1.880.7415.73 median Tu / median Tf 2.101.781.01 clinical diagnosisKi67 / TBPSVV / TBPXIAP / TBP BCa / TUR-B (n=110) (positive histology) 2.182.7944.47 NT = no tumor (n=18) (negative histology) 0.621.7142.87 BPH (n=53)0.801.4536.0 cystitis (n=7)1.651.2346.24 healthy (n=44)  000