1. Freedom and Partition in India
Chapter 9

2. Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi
Gandhi saw his life as the search for
ultimate truths and self- transformation (#2)

3. Gandhi (#3) Born: Oct. 2, 1869 Porbandar, Gujarat Died: Jan
Gandhi (#3) Born: Oct. 2, Porbandar, Gujarat Died: Jan. 30, 1948 Assassinated

4. Gandhi and His Wife
Kasturba Gandhi married Gandhi at age 13 years old (1883) (#4)

5. Mohandas Gandhi Born into a middle class family
Leader of India’s freedom movement (INC)
Left for Britain at age 17 to study law (#5)
Lawyer – trained in Britain, practiced in South Africa
Helped unite the various groups within India to fight for a common cause

9. First Action for Indian Civil Rights
In South Africa, fighting for Indian rights (#6 & 7)
Train ride and effects: thrown off the train for refusing to move to 3rd class where non-whites were expected to sit
Effects: humiliation lead to his desire for change and how to get justice
Civil Disobedience – The active refusal to obey unjust laws or the demands of an oppressive government (#7)
Non-cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good.
Satyagraha = truth force – convert the wrongdoer (#7) and reconciliation
Non-violence – ex. Rosa Parks, MLK Jr.

10. Lawyer in South Africa

11. Appealing to all Indians – Returned to India 1915 at age 45 (#8) Clip 56:21 – 59:00 Gandhi Movie

12. Gandhi’s Principles
His beliefs were a blend of Hindu and Christian beliefs
Non-violent resistance to end injustice
Satyagraha = truth force – convert the wrongdoer
Inspiration
Hindu – nonviolence, respect for all life
Christianity – love one’s enemies
Mahatma: Great Soul

13. Himalayan Blunder
Although this nation-wide strike hit the British hard, and led to thousands of Indians being jailed, in 1922 it erupted into violence.
A mob of “Satyagrahis” lit fire to a police station, killing two dozen police officers trapped inside.
Gandhi called off the entire Satyagraha
mistakenly believed that his followers truly understood non-violence
Gandhi Movie Clip – 1:17: 22 -1:24

14. Gandhi’s Principles
He wanted the world to see the injustice in India without using violence
Gandhi wanted the British to see the err in their wrong doings
The same principles were used with apartheid in South Africa
Satyagraha = truth force – convert the wrongdoer

15. Yo Yo Yo
GANDHI RAPS #1
Gandhi’s Principles

16. Amritsar Massacre 1919 Causes #10 Oppressive new laws limited freedoms
Rowlatt Acts
trials without juries
permitted internment of suspects without trial
Ban on mass meetings
Limited freedom of press
protest against the arrest of two leaders of the Indian National Congress in 1919

19. “The Indians were ‘packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies’; the people ‘ran madly this way and the other. When fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves onto the ground, and fire was then directed on the ground. This continued for eight or ten minutes, and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion…” Winston Churchill

20. Amritsar Massacre
British Brig. Gen. who led the massacre was removed from duty but some honored him at home for crushing the Indians
Rattan Devi stated, ''I saw three men writhing in great pain and a boy of about 12. I could not leave the place. The boy asked me for water but there was no water in that place. At 2 am, a Jat who was lying entangled on the wall asked me to raise his leg. I went up to him and took hold of his clothes drenched in blood and raised him up. Heaps of bodies lay there, a number of them innocent children. I shall never forget the sight. I spent the night crying and watching..." clip from 1:24 – 1: show clip

21. Amritsar Massacre 'The Martyr's' well at Jallianwala Bagh
Other than those got shot, many died by jumping into the solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting

22. Amritsar Massacre

23. Results of Amritsar Massacre (#10)
Effects:
379 Indians dead - 1,100 Indians injured
Ridiculous Rules forced against the Indians
All Indians must crawl on their hands and knees on a city street
Indiscriminate whippings
British General Dyer, removed from duty but some honored him at home
“Teach Indians a lesson”
Turning Point for India’s struggle for complete independence
Nationalist movement took off
All Indians united against British
Gandhi became one of the masses

24. Yo Yo Yo
GANDHI RAPS #2
Amritsar Massacre

25. Indian Self-Reliance (#11)
Gandhi won the support of all groups by stressing India’s heritage and Self-reliance Gandhi Clip 1:38 – 1:41
Examples
Gave up Western ways
Spun his own cotton, wore simple white clothing
Western clothes symbolized cultural dependence
Vegetarianism
Wanted to reform caste system (untouchables)
Included Muslims
(#12) To be seen as the leader of all Indians; connected with the masses;
Bapu: Father

26. Non Violent Protests
Gandhi supported nonviolent acts of civil disobedience
Boycotted British made goods
Supported workers strikes
Did not want lose the moral high ground and threatened by acts of violence(#13)
The Salt March
Quit India Movement

27. The Salt March – 1930 (#14)
Indians were not allowed to make their own salt
They had to purchase heavily taxed British salt
Gandhi led Indians on a march over 200 miles to the Arabian Sea
Starts with 80 people ends with hundreds of thousands
On his march to the sea, Gandhi says “They are not in control; we are”. “Explain.
They made their own once they reached the ocean
Gandhi movie clip 2:04:20 – 2:20:58

28. The Salt March – 1930 (#14) Effects: (#14)
Gandhi and 50,000 protester were arrested
British violence against protesters
Britain responded with violence to the satyagraha protests
Worldwide interest and debate especially in Great Britain whether to hold on to India

30. Amritsar Massacre
Amritsar Massacre

31. Yo Yo Yo
GANDHI RAPS #3
Salt March

33. August 1942
Gandhi demands independence for India (#15)

34. Gandhi Jailed (#16)
Jailed for his announcement of the Quit India Movement and the “Do or Die” mantra (#16)
At age 73
Issues b/c of leadership arrests

35. ‘Do or Die’ Speech Starts the Quit India Movement – August 8, 1942
I am not going to be satisfied with anything short of complete freedom. May be, he will propose the abolition of salt tax, the drink evil, etc. But I will say, “Nothing less than freedom.” Here is a mantra, a short one, that I give you. You may imprint it on your hearts and let every breath of yours give expression to it. The mantra is : ‘Do or Die’. We shall either free India or die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery. Every true Congressman or woman will join the struggle with an inflexible determination not to remain alive to see the country in bondage and slavery.

36. WWII – Quit India (#17)
Gandhi leads non-support efforts in India during World War II
Massive civil disobedience campaign and riots
India would support Britain if they were granted immediate independence, Britain refused
Mass arrests on Indians
The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed with thousands of arrests & suppression of civil rights

37. WWII – Quit India (#17) India gains independence August 15, 1947 (#18)
Importance of the Quit India Movement :
British government astonished by observing the powerful nationalistic feelings of the Indians added with anti-British feeling
convinced the British Government that their days were numbered in India and they had to free the country – anti-British feeling too much
The Quit India Movement quickened the process of freedom. (#17)
India gains independence August 15, 1947 (#18)

38. Yo Yo Yo
GANDHI RAPS #4
Quit India Movement

39. Gandhi & Hindu/Muslim Conflict
Brought by the prospect of independence (#18)
Deep differences led to conflict - historical conflict
some cooperation at first
division between INC and Muslim League
Gandhi hoped the two could live peacefully together, with independence
Muslims fears
the Hindu Nationalists would not grant them rights
Muslim feared being a minority in a Hindu nation =own nation
the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demands for a separate Muslim nation (#18)

40. Two Nations; disappointed Gandhi
August 15, 1947: Indian Independence (#17) – Britain no longer had resources to rule
Indian Independence Act (1947)
Pakistan: August 14, 1947
India: August 15, 1947
(#21) Non-violent Revolution
Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India.
Mountbatten was appointed Viceroy of India in 1947 and he oversaw the creation of the independent states of India and Pakistan.
Gandhi Clip 2:34:57- 2:36:54 and 2:39:24

41. #5 Independence of India
Yo Yo Yo
GANDHI RAPS #5
Independence of India

42. (East Pakistan)

44. Jawaharlal Nehru Ally of Gandhi.
1st Prime Minister of India,
Nehru met Gandhi in 1916 at the annual Indian National Congress convention.
He participated in the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign and spent time in jail along with Gandhi.
At independence, Nehru became the nation’s first prime minister and was continually reelected until his death in 1964.
Nehru pushed modernization of the country, and industrialization of its economy.

45. Pakistan Conflicts in Pakistan divides (1972) W. Pakistan = Pakistan
Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
governor-general of a newly formed Pakistan.
Conflicts in Pakistan divides (1972)
W. Pakistan = Pakistan
E. Pakistan = Bangladesh
Khan stressed modernization.
His following in West Pakistan held liberal views of Islamic law, leading to dissent within W. Pakistan, and especially in East Pakistan.
After Khan left office in 1969, East Pakistan refused to pay taxes to West Pakistan.
West Pakistan sent in troops, sparking civil war.
Thousands killed, millions escaped to India. India entered the war, helped Bangladesh declare its independence in 1972.

46. Two Nations; disappointed Gandhi
The subcontinent was divided (partitioned) into:
Muslim: Pakistan - to protect Muslin minority – Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Hindu: India
Gandhi refused to celebrate Indian independence b/c of the violence, Heartbroken (#18)

47. #6 Formation of Pakistan
Yo Yo Yo
GANDHI RAPS #6
Formation of Pakistan

48. Hindu-Muslim Conflict
At partition, Mutual violence during mass migration (#18)
500,000 died in the fighting between the two nations
Gandhi: guilt b/c he failed to convert people to non-violence
Gandhi’s Hunger strike to end the violence (#19)
successful

49. Gandhi Clip 2:42-2:44:32

50. #7 Hindu/Muslim Conflict
Yo Yo Yo
GANDHI RAPS #7
Hindu/Muslim Conflict

51. India after Gandhi
Gandhi assassinated about 1 year after India’s independence (1948)
shot by a Hindu extremist – Nathuram Godse (#20) on 30 January 1948
I took courage in both my hands and I did fire the shots at Gandhiji on 30th January 1948, on the prayer-grounds of Birla House.
I do say that my shots were fired at the person whose policy and action had brought rack and ruin and destruction to millions of Hindus. There was no legal machinery by which such an offender could be brought to book and for this reason I fired those fatal shots.

52. Rama – Indian Word: God(#20)
Some questions on last words
Raj Ghat - A National Memorial

54. The body of Mahatma Gandhi lying in state at Birla House, New Delhi, before the funeral cortege leaves for the burning ghats on the banks of the river Yamuna on 2 February Keystone/Getty Images

55. Funeral procession of Gandhi at New Delhi on 6 February 1948

56. The Governor General’s Bodyguard heading the procession on the 5
The Governor General’s Bodyguard heading the procession on the 5.5 mile route through New Delhi to the funeral pyre during the funeral of Mahatma Gandhi on 4 February Keystone/Getty Images

57. The ashes of Mahatma Gandhi are collected at his funeral, held in Delhi and attended by several thousand people on 9 February 1948

58. George C. Marshall, US Secretary of State
"Mahatma Gandhi had become the spokesman for the conscience of all mankind. He was a man who made humility and simple truth more powerful than empires.
Albert Einstein
"Generations to come will scarce believe that such a man as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth."

60. #8 Assassination of Gandhi
Yo Yo Yo
GANDHI RAPS #8
Assassination of Gandhi
Gandhi Clip Assassination 2:47 or VHS Assignations That Changed the World

61. India After Gandhi