1. P.O. Box 2 Charlbury Oxon OX7 3PD UK Tel: 44(0)1608 810334 Fax: 44(0)1608 811486 email: forbes@perbury.co.uk Presented at Bath University, March 1 st. 2006 Automotive Fuel Economy and the IVT F.G.Perry Perbury Engineering Ltd. Eur.Ing, C.Eng, M.I.Mech.E, M.R.Ae.S

2. Perbury Engineering Ltd. OUTLINE Single Regime IVT (Infinitely Variable Transmission) Fundamental Power Requirements Perbury Multi-Regime IVT Engine Optimum Operating Line Typical Fuel Consumption Bath University/NREL Simulation Predictions for Perbury IVT Summary – How to increase MPG Conclusions

3. Perbury Engineering Ltd. Typical 2000 lb, 70 bhp car

4. Perbury Engineering Ltd. Engine Fuel Map and Vehicle Gearing 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 2 3 45 Engine RPM – 000s Torque – lb ft 80 60 30 MPH 25 19 Mph/1000 rpm 34 40 Max Power 240 250 g/kW.h 270 300 400 800 600 1000 90 Maximum Torque

5. Perbury Engineering Ltd. Single Regime IVT

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9. Reverse

10. Perbury Engineering Ltd. Reverse

11. Perbury Engineering Ltd. Engine Fuel Map and Vehicle Gearing 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 2 3 45 Engine RPM – 000s Torque – lb ft 80 60 30 MPH 25 19 Mph/1000 rpm 34 40 Max Power 240 250 g/kW.h 270 300 400 800 600 1000 90 Optimum Line Maximum Torque 30 40 50 60 70 8090 With efficiencies

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15. 2000 Honda Insight Hybrid

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17. Introduction to ADVISOR ADVISOR, NRELs ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR, is a set of model, data, and script text files for use with Matlab and Simulink. It is designed for quick analysis of the performance and fuel economy of conventional, electric, and hybrid vehicles. ADVISOR also provides a backbone for the detailed simulation and analysis of user defined drivetrain components, a starting point of verified vehicle data and algorithms from which to take full advantage of the modeling flexibility of Simulink and analytic power of Matlab. ADVISOR was preliminarily written and used in November 1994. Since then, it has been modified as necessary to help manage the US DOE Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion System subcontracts. Only in January 1998 was a concerted development effort undertaken to clean up and document ADVISOR. Since then, researchers at Chrysler Corp. General Motors Corp. AlliedSignal Automotive Argonne National Laboratory Naval Research Laboratory University of California-Davis University of Maryland University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign and other research institutions have used ADVISOR to predict the performance of their vehicles, do studies on the effect of control strategy on emissions and fuel use, among other things.

18. Perbury Engineering Ltd. MPG vs Minimum Engine RPM Minimum Engine Speed - RPM 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 60 708090 100110120 130 SC03 FTP US06 HWFET Modified Min. Engine RPM UK MPG

19. Perbury Engineering Ltd. Feasible Used in the simulation

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23. How to increase miles per gallon ONLY AN IVT CAN DO ALL THIS AND STILL BE SMOOTHLY DRIVABLE Reduce engine speeds by high vehicle gearing For a given transmission, select the final drive ratio to suit the vehicle speeds during bypass After attaining maximum overdrive, bypass the rolling assembly Keep to a chosen engine optimum line but allow for transient departures

24. Perbury Engineering Ltd. Changing from fixed ratios to IV can indeed increase MPG An additional benefit - cars and traffic can be quieter as well Simulation increases are approximately 20% better than the Honda Insight Hybrid and 30% better than the 5-speed manual Even greater increases than this seem to be possible Conclusions