1. Family Fluidity Family ideology and legislation Based on the work of Bren Neale, Leeds University Sociology at NSG

2. The Indissoluble family Early C20th Patriarchal Life-long monogamy Sex role segregation Father-right (if mothers left husbands, they lost their children)

3. The Companionate Family 1950s Wives companions (not slaves) to husband and children Greater emphasis on personal fulfilment Women work for ‘pin’ money Birth control for planning children within marriage Higher expectations of marriage Divorce rare and stigmatised

4. The Reconstituted Family 1970s ’69 Divorce Reform Act allowed for a ‘clean break’ for re-marriage Those ‘living in sin’ could now more easily divorce and ‘re-tie the knot’ Stepfather’s position overrode that of the biological father Biological father’s financial responsibilities to first family not legally enforced Unsuccessful marriages could be replaced by successful ones

5. The Biological Family Late C20th Biological ties rather than marital ties Shared responsibility for childcare and economic support Based on ‘two earner model’ instead of ‘marital support’ model Encourages active fathering by biological parent Parenthood supersedes marriage as bedrock of the family

6. Family Practices DHJ Morgan (1996) ‘Families are what families do’ How people ‘do’ marriage, cohabitation, parenting, kinship Heterosexual or same sex May or may not involve co-residence Focus on practices rather than structures

7. Family Fluidity Today Traditional nuclear families are a minority lifestyle choice Change, fluidity and transformation characterise contemporary families We need to reconsider what we mean by ‘normal’ family life Should we celebrate change or see it as a cause for concern?

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