1. Digital Camera Basics Presented by Stephen Schneider June, 2013

2. It IS Rocket Science! (so to speak) For what did Albert Einstein win his Nobel Prize? … not Special Relativity … not General Relativity … not Brownian motion The “photoelectric effect”: photons (light) interacting with matter release electrons – basis of the digital camera. In fact Einstein was also an inventor with many patents including an early camera. US Patent #2058562 October 27, 1936 Albert Einstein & Gustav Bucky Light Intensity Self-Adjusting Camera

3. A photography glossary Pixel – picture element (smallest patch all of one color) Exposure – total amount of light onto image (under- exposed, over-exposed) CCD/CMOS chips – electronic/photoelectric detectors that turn light into electronic signals 3

4. Focal Length / Zoom Lenses are usually listed with a focal length in mm. 12mm – fisheye 200mm – telephoto The focal length is the equivalent distance of a pinhole from the CCD or film. 4

5. Lenses usually list a focal length in mm. 12mm – fisheye 50mm – normal 200mm – telephoto 5 As the focal length increases, you reduce your “field of view” (typically width ~ 2000°/f). Check your own!

6. Capturing Time & Space 6

7. Time & Space – 2 Shutter speed – length of time shutter is open as 1 second/“speed” so 30 = 1/30 sec. Time blur or freeze action? f-stop, f-ratio, f-number –how big “aperture” is compared to the focal length. f/4 means the diameter is ¼ the focal length. Pinhole (f/∞) focuses at all distances. 7

8. Film Speed  Detector Sensitivity ISO (International Standardization Organization) was a way of describing sensitivity of film, and today is used for detector chips. 8 ISO 100 is considered “normal”; higher ISO is more sensitive, but more noisy or grainy. The “exposure triangle” is set balancing ISO, shutter speed, & f-stop. ISO 3200 – very “grainy”

9. The Blessing/Curse of Automation Modern cameras choose a lot of these settings for you automatically, and they’re often right, but sometimes they frustrate your efforts. Learn how you can trick your camera by getting other light/dark sources in the image. You can improve the definition of light parts by adding more light. Check for camera “modes.” 9 ISO 3200 – very “grainy” Saturn? No! crescent moon.

10. White Balance Our eyes (and brains) adjust to the ambient light, so the color white is somewhat arbitrary. Digital cameras try to adjust white balance by looking at brightest spots in image (and can sometimes be fooled). Maintain consistent lighting in experiments! 10 Tungsten light is yellowish This is closer to perceived daylight color

11. Exploring Your Images Cameras save all this info in something called an EXIF (Exchangeable Image File format) header. The EXIF header includes time, date, exposure, and all sorts of other info—sometimes even white balance corrections. Most photo programs read this info, but not all image formats save the EXIF data: JPG, TIF, PNG Some do not save (or are inconsistent about saving) EXIF data: BMP, GIF There are extensions for Firefox and other browsers that will show the EXIF data. 11

12. Example of EXIF Data EXIF Sub IFD Exposure Time (1 / Shutter Speed) = 1/40 second ===> 0.025 second Lens F-Number / F-Stop = 26/10 ===> ƒ/2.6 Exposure Program = aperture priority (3) ISO Speed Ratings = 100 EXIF Version = 0220 Original Date/Time = 2013:06:24 14:28:45 Digitization Date/Time = 2013:06:24 14:28:45 Components Configuration = 0x01,0x02,0x03,0x00 / YCbCr Shutter Speed Value (APEX) = 1362/256 Shutter Speed (Exposure Time) = 1/39.96 second Aperture Value (APEX) = 276/100 Aperture = ƒ/2.6 Brightness (APEX) = 813/256 Brightness = 9.04 foot-lambert Exposure Bias (EV) = 0/10 ===> 0 Max Aperture Value (APEX) = 276/100 ===> 2.76 Max Aperture = ƒ/2.6 Metering Mode = center weighted average (2) Flash = Flash did not fire Focal Length = 37/10 mm ===> 3.7 mm Maker Note = 0x07,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x07,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x30,0x31,0x30,0x30,0x02,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x 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