1. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6e ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Understanding Students with Multiple Disabilities

2. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Chapter 10 Objectives At the end of this chapter you should be able to: Identify and define the characteristics of students with multiple disabilities. Explain the causes of multiple disabilities. Describe how to plan for the education of students with multiples disabilities and the supports available to them Describe successful instructional practices for students with multiple disabilities.

3. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Defining Multiple Disabilities No single definition covers all conditions IDEA defines multiple disabilities and severe disabilities in two definitions Two characteristics common to the different definitions: Extent of support required Usually extensive or pervasive Two or more disabilities typically occur simultaneously

4. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Characteristics Intellectual functioning Most have significant intellectual impairments Adaptive skills Development of self-care skills is crucial Motor development Significant motor and physical challenges Sensory functioning Many students have hearing and vision impairments Communication skills Limited or no functional speech

5. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Biological causes account for about three-quarters of cases Severe intellectual disability caused by: Genetic factors Chromosomal disorders Complications during and after birth also account for multiple disabilities Human Genome Project Apgar test—first test given to newborns Determining the Causes

6. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Assistive Technology The student’s evaluation team should ensure that assistive technology devices: Are necessary for the student to make progress in the general curriculum. Meet the IDEA definition which defines AT as any item which is used with the student to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities. Are considered appropriate for the environments in which the student participates. Are examined through procedures that lead to potentially effective interventions. Assistive Technology

7. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Assistive Technology Assistive technology evaluations typically are multi- disciplinary The team should consider: A speech, language, and communication assessment A seating and positioning assessment A mobility assessment A switch use and input/output device assessment A writing, hand & grip strength, and fine motor skills evaluation A visual and hearing assessment An assessment of home, school, and community environment SETT Framework

8. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Partnering for Special Education and Related Services Making Action Plans (MAPs) 1. What is MAPs? 2. What is your history or story? 3. What are your dreams? 4. What are your nightmares? 5. Who are you? 6. What are your strength, gifts, and talents? 7. What do you need? 8. What is the plan of action?.

9. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Peer tutoring involves pairing students one-on- one Considerations in peer tutoring: Relying too much on students without disabilities Help is not and should never be the only basis for friendship Unless help is reciprocal, the inherent inequity between tutor and tutee can distort the authenticity of a relationship Determining Supplementary Aids and Services

10. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Planning for Universal Design for Learning Handheld technologies Visual Assistant® Handheld Portable Prompter Hand-held Computers Allow students to complete multi-step tasks Prompts can be audio, visual, graphical Can be repeated as often as necessary

11. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) The devices, techniques, and strategies used by students who are unable to communicate fully through natural speech and/or writing May also include a wide array of options for communication, from low-tech message boards, symbols, pictures and visual prompts to very complex technology AAC devices have four key features: Symbols Displays Selection options Output modes Planning for Other Educational Needs

12. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Early Childhood Students Children’s School Success (CSS) curriculum Five basic principles of CSS Students are active, self-motivated learners who learn best from personal experience Students learn best when they have the opportunity to practice skills in the context of meaningful activities Students construct knowledge by participating with others using problem-solving and self-evaluation skills Students should be allowed to exercise choice in their learning environments Students learn best through a curriculum that presents information in an integrated fashion

13. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Partial Participation Principle What non-instructional supports does the student need for meaningful participation? How much does the student wish to participate? How can teachers enhance the student’s independence? Task Analysis Elementary and Middle School Students

14. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Student-Directed Learning Strategies Teach students with and without disabilities to modify and regulate their own learning Three important educational supports for students with severe disabilities: Picture prompts or antecedent cue regulation Self-instruction strategies Self-monitoring strategies Secondary and Transition Students

15. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Strategies for Inclusion Collaboration among teachers and parents at all levels Teaching new skills in general education classrooms Promoting friendships in inclusive settings Facilitating positive outcomes for non- disabled peers Adapting the student’s curriculum

16. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 General Curriculum Curriculum-based measurement Portfolio-based assessment Other Educational Needs Live observational methods include field observations, time sampling, and event recording Data collected includes frequency counts, duration data, and latency data Measuring Students’ Progress

17. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 Alternate assessments Serve the same purpose as the typical accountability assessment Other formats for alternative assessments: IEP-linked body of evidence Performance assessment Checklist Portfolio-based alternate assessment Alternate assessment also relies on scoring criteria Making Accommodations for Assessment