1. From Nymik- COSPAR

3. SPE estimates from Artic Ice- Core Nitrate Samples

4. Large SPE’s

5. GCR and SPE Dose: Materials & Tissue GCR higher energy >> secondary radiation No Tissue Shielding With Tissue Shielding

6. Risk and Uncertainties increase with Linear Energy Transfer (LET) Dose = Flux x LET Biological Dose H = Dose X Q(L) REID = Risk of exposure induced death = H x R 0 (sex,age) 95% CL of Risk Model

7. Accuracy of Space Radiation Transport Models

8. Model vs. Phantom Expt. (STS and ISS) ISS Increment-2 results

9. Role of Dose-Rate and Shielding  Shielding mitigates most SPE events  High-energy component (>100 MeV) often poorly known  Proton biological damage is dependent on dose-rate  Effects increase above ~5 rad/hr EVA Today (Y/N?) IVA (time to storm shelter)

10. Long-Term Forecasting

15. LET vs TEPC TEPC model Vs TEPC (no TF)