1. 1LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Line Search Techniques Developed as part of the National Emergency Services Curriculum Project

2. 2LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Search Formations Hasty Line Wedge

3. 3LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Hasty Team Used to check critical points of interest on site No set layout Normally specific, very-experienced personnel assigned –Assistant Team Leader –Communications –Medic/First Aider A branch of a larger ground team in the field Usually sent out as the initial, quick search

4. 4LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Search Formations Continued Ground Team Members –Wilderness or Experienced Members (W) –General or Inexperienced Members (X) –Communications (C) –Medic/First Aider (+) –Navigator (N) –Assistant Team Leader (A) Ground Team Leader (L)

5. 5LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Line Search Last Resort Detailed but Slow Search Option 1:W X X X C L + X X X W Option 2: W X X X C A + X X X W

6. 6LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Wedge More Common Follows trails and paths typically Takes less time than line search

7. 7LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Wedge Continued Option 1: Option 2: N N X X X X X X X X X X W C L + W W C A + W L

8. 8LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Search Patterns Parallel Sweep Expanding Square or Circle Contour

9. 9LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Parallel Sweep Used to search specific gridded areas typically Normally use a Line Search formation

10. 10LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Expanding Square or Circle Search small areas for missing person or clue Normally use Hasty team

11. 11LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Contour Search Searching by elevation –top to bottom not normally very feasible – statistically people get hurt climbing, not on the way back down Normally looking for hikers along trails or on side of trails –Use the Wedge formation for this pattern

12. 12LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Missing Person Search Clues Physical clues –Clothing or equipment –Smoke, by sight or smell –Food wrappers, trash or cigarette butts –Broken or disturbed brush or other signs of humans passing through an area –Scavengers –Decomposition Odors

13. 13LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Missing Person Search Clues Continued Recorded Clues –Trail registers –Sign-in logs People –Witnesses –Trained personnel like other searchers or Forest Rangers –Family and Friends

14. 14LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Missing Aircraft Search Clues Terrain Changes –Broken or disturbed trees and underbrush –Landslides –Horsetails caused by windblown snow or sand –Breaks in terrain –Blackened or discolored areas –Smoke –Presence of Scavengers

15. 15LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Missing Aircraft Search Clues Smells –Smoke –Decomposition Odors –Fuel, oil or Brake Fluid Aircraft Signs –Pieces of wreckage (twisted metal, seats, etc.) –Fuel, oil, or brake fluid –Shiny metal in the distance

16. 16LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Missing Aircraft Search Clues Signs of the Pilot/Passengers –Bits of clothing or personal effects –Trail markings –Footprints –Campfires –Garbage –Signals (Flares, Mirrors, etc.) Unusual events (Voices, creaking metal)

17. 17LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Voice Commands Forward the Line Halt the Line

18. 18LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Whistle Signals 1 short - Go 2 short - Stop 3 short - Danger, but keep moving unless you encounter a problem that you must stop for. 1 long - Assemble on the team leader

19. 19LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities What do you do when you find a clue or the target? Halt in Place Alert the Team Leader Look for hazards in your area Do not disturb anything Brief the Team Leader on what you found Mark the area if necessary to prevent damaging of this or other potential clues (covered in later slide)

20. 20LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Marking a Route Mark area searched for future teams or return leg Determine color and type to use –Surveyors tape (Recommended) –Crepe Paper Streamers (Party supplies) –Toilet paper for temporary marking (biodegradable) Place markings at eye level when possible Slow the team down as necessary to leave a good marking

21. 21LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Suggested Route Markings 1 Strand = temporary edge of search pattern 2 Strands = outside edge of search pattern 3 Strands = clue, marked with: –Time & date –Clue number –Team ID

22. 22LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities

23. 23LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Attraction Techniques Sound –Shouting the victim’s names –Honking vehicle horns –Using a Public Address System You can “find” a victim by helping them find you! Light –Fires –Flashlights –Headlights

24. 24LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Confinement Methods Road or Trail Blocks Look Outs Track Traps String Lines Line Markings or Trail Blazing

25. 25LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Confinement Methods Continued

26. 26LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Pros & Cons +Hasty Search most successful initial search +Line Search useful for finding very small objects -Destroys clues -Man intensive -Time intensive -Can be difficult to manage

27. 27LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Line Search Tasks Ground Team Member –O-0403: Employ Scanning Techniques while on foot –O-0404: Move as part of search line –O-0405: Communicate to other members of a search line –O-0406: Use Whistle Signals –O-0407: Conduct Attraction Techniques –O-0408: Identify Aircraft Search Clues –O-0409: Identify Missing Person Search Clues

28. 28LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Line Search Tasks Continued Ground Team Member –O-0410: Mark a route –O-0411: Conduct individual actions on Locating a Clue –O-0412: Conduct Individual Actions on Find –O-0413: Participate in a Hasty Search Ground Team Leader –O-0415: Plan and Conduct Containment Operations –O-0416: Plan Search Line Operations

29. 29LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Line Search Tasks Continued Ground Team Leader –O-0417: Organize a Search Line –O-0418: Control a Search Line –O-0419: Plan and Organize a Hasty Search –O-0421: Direct Team Actions on Locating a Clue –O-0422: Direct Team Actions on Find

30. 30LINESRCH..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities QUESTIONS? THINK SAFETY!