1. Chemical Bonding

2. Chemical Bonds Compound are formed from chemically bound atoms or ions Bonding only involves the valence electrons

3. Chemical Bonds Defn – force holding two atoms together How are they formed? Atoms gain, lose, or share valence electrons Why does bonding occur? Stability – achieve octet rule

4. Electron Dot Structure Shows valence electrons around atomic symbol hydrogen nitrogen chlorine (group 5) (group 7) (group 1) H N Cl

5. Types of Chemical Bonds 3 Types – covalent bond – ionic bond – metallic bond

6. Covalent Bond Defn – two atoms share one pair of electrons ABA B Electrons shared

7. Covalent Bonds Where are these bonds found? - molecules (molecular compounds) - polyatomic ions

8. Ionic Bond Defn – force holding cations and anions together ABA+A+ B-B- Ionic bond

9. Ionic Bond Where are these bonds found? Ionic Compounds

10. Metallic Bonding Defn – attraction of metallic cations Occurs only in metals

11. Covalent Bonding What’s going on? Molecule – formed when 2 or more atoms bond covalently Sharing of electrons

12. Two Types of Covalent Bonds i) nonpolar covalent – equal sharing of e - ii) polar covalent – UNequal sharing of e -

13. Nonpolar vs. Polar NONPOLARPOLAR

14. Nonpolar vs. Polar

16. Single Bond Defn – one pair (2) of e - shared Lewis Structures – represents how atoms in molecules are arranged –atoms MUST obey octet rule (except hydrogen)

17. Lewis Structures bonded electrons – occur between bonded atoms A B AB single bond or

18. Lewis Structures Unshared or Lone Pairs – electron pairs NOT involved in bonding AB A B lone pairs

19. Lewis Structures Examples H 2 O H H (8 valence e - or 4 pairs) O O H H O H H

20. Lewis Structures Examples NHF 2 (20 v.e. or 10 pairs) N F F H F N F H N F F H

21. Multiple Covalent Bonds Double Bond – two pairs (4) e - shared A B AB O O2O2 O (12 v.e. = 6 pairs) O O O O O O

22. Multiple Covalent Bond Triple Bond – three pairs (6) e - shared A B AB N2N2 (10 v.e. = 5 pairs) N N N N N N N N

23. Comparing single, double, and triple bonds Bond Strength Bond Length Triple > Double > Single Single > Double > Triple The shorter the bond, the stronger it is

24. Polyatomic Ions Defn – CHARGED group of atoms covalently bonded - ex: SO 4 2-, NH 4 1+, NO 3 1-

25. Polyatomic Ions SO 4 2- (32 v.e. = 16 pairs) O O O O S 2- O O O O S 2-

26. Polyatomic Ions NH 4 1+ (8 v.e. = 4 pairs) H H HHN 1+ H H HH N 1+

27. Ionic Bonding What’s going on? If I gave you a compound, how can you tell if it is ionic or not? combo of metal + nonmetal giving/taking of valence electrons

29. Formation of Ionic Bonds NaCl NaCl + Na 1+ + Cl 1- 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 3s 2 3p 5 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 8 v.e.

31. Formation of Ionic Bonds CaBr 2 CaBr + Br Ca 2+ + Br 1- Br 1-

32. Using electronegativity to determine bond type Recall electronegativity: how much an atom wants electrons Each atom is assigned a number between 0-4.0 to determine electronegativity strength

34. We know 3 types of bonds: - nonpolar covalent - polar covalent - ionic To determine bond type, subtract electronegativity values and see scale Using electronegativity to determine bond type

35. Scale 04.0 1.70.3 polar covalent nonpolar covalent ionic Using electronegativity to determine bond type

36. H and Cl3.0 – 2.1= 0.9 polar covalent C and S2.5 – 2.5= 0 nonpolar covalent Na and F4.0 – 0.9= 3.1 ionic Using electronegativity to determine bond type

37. Metallic Bonding Defn – bond formed from attraction between positive nuclei and delocalized electrons –holds metals together Delocalized Electrons – electrons detached from parent atom –“lost electron away from home”

38. Electron Sea Model Defn – electrons move freely within other molecular orbitals

39. Properties of Metals Electron sea model gives metals certain physical properties 1)Shiny – due to photoelectric effect 2)Conduct electricity and heat – electrons move easily from one place to another 3)Malleable (pound into sheets) 4)Ductile (put into wires)

40. Why malleable and ductile? atoms can also move from one place to another and still remain in contact with and bonded to the other atoms and electrons around them shifted atoms Shape #1 Shape #2

41. Dipole Moment defn – imbalance of electron density in a covalent bond –Due to electronegativity of atoms  - ( partial negative) = signifies more EN atom  + (partial positive) = signifies less EN atom = shows direction of dipole moment

42. Examples H = 2.2 C = 2.6 N = 3.0 Cl = 3.2 O = 3.4 F = 4.0 HO ++ -- ClC -- ++ NH -- ++ CF ++ --

43. Intermolecular Forces Defn – attractive forces between 2 molecules

44. Intermolecular Forces Dipole-Dipole – attraction between oppositely charged polar molecules ++ -- ++ -- ++ --

45. Intermolecular Forces London Dispersion Forces – very weak, very brief dipole moment created in nonpolar molecules

46. Electrons evenly distributed Temporary dipole London force

47. Intermolecular Forces Hydrogen Bonding – strong bond between H and N,O, or F of another molecule - Water is prime example O H H O ++ ++ --

48. O H H O O H H O O H H O O H H O O H H O hydrogen bond ++ ++ -- ++ ++ --

49. Strength Ranking Hydrogen > dipole-dipole > London

50. VSEPR Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Defn – determines the shape of molecule Electron pairs try to stay far away as possible

51. # atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs shape 40tetrahedral

52. Tetrahedral

53. # atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs shape 4 3 1 0tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal

54. Trigonal Pyramidal

55. # atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs shape 4 3 1 2 0 2 tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal bent

56. Bent

57. # atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs shape 4 3 1 3 2 0 2 0 tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal bent trigonal planar

58. Trigonal Planar

59. # atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs shape 4 3 1 3 2 2 0 2 0 0 tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal bent trigonal planar linear

60. Linear