2. RBO RIP George Lumpkin Director Product Management Oracle Corporation Session id: 40178

3. What, why, and how  What changes are made to the RBO in 10g  Why migrate to the CBO – CBO is proven – CBO provides all features necessary to simplify management – CBO enables many, many other database features  How to migrate to the CBO

4. Background: Query Optimization  One sentence definition: Find the most efficient mechanism for executing any SQL statement  A query optimizer is designed simplify SQL development – A query optimizer shields the application developer from the details of query execution  Two main components: – Query Transformations – Access Path Selection

5. Background: Query Optimization Query Transformations  Change fundamental structure of query to enable more possible execution strategies  Include view and subquery transformations, materialized view rewrites, star transformations, etc.  Example: select * from dept where deptno in (select deptno from emp where job = ‘CLERK’) select d.* from dept d, (select distinct deptno from emp where job = ‘CLERK’) e where d.deptno = e.deptno

6. Background: Query Optimization Access Path Selection  Construct the actual execution strategy to be used for a given query: – For each table, choose the access path (table scan, index scan, etc) – For each join, choose the join method (nested- loop, sort-merge, hash, etc) – Choose the join order for the tables  Can be viewed using Oracle’s EXPLAIN PLAN facility

7. Background: Query Optimization RBO vs. CBO  Oracle provides two query optimizers: – Rule-based optimizer (RBO)  Chooses an execution strategy based upon heuristics  Entirely deterministic based upon the schema and SQL statement – Cost-based optimizer (CBO)  Chooses an execution strategy based upon an estimated cost  Execution plans depends not only on the SQL and schema, but also the characteristics of the database objects and the amount of available resources

8. Background: Query Optimization CBO Statistics  CBO’s cost is based upon statistics – Database object statistics  Statistics which describe the database objects involved in the query, e.g., the number of rows in a table, the number of distinct values in a column, and the number of leaf blocks of an index. – CPU Statistics  Statistics on the relative performance of the hardware platform. – Buffer-cache statistics  Statistics that describe whether a given table or database object is typically cached or not.

9. What, why, and how  What changes are made to the RBO in 10g  Why migrate to the CBO – CBO is proven – CBO provides all features necessary to simplify management – CBO enables many, many other database features  How to migrate to the CBO

10. What is happening to the RBO  In Oracle Database 10g, the rule-based optimizer is no longer supported – The RBO is not ‘gone’ (at least not yet); it is simply not supported  No bugfixes will be provided to RBO for 10g  Almost no regression testing of RBO for 10g  In future releases, the RBO may be removed altogether – See support note 189702.1: “Rule Based Optimizer is to be Desupported in Oracle10i” (May 2002)

11. What is happening to the RBO Reasons for de-supporting the RBO  The existence of the RBO prevents Oracle from making key enhancements to its query-processing engine – The removal of the RBO will permit Oracle to improve performance and reliability of the query-processing components of the database engine.  The use of the RBO prevents applications from leveraging many of the key features and enhancements introduced since Oracle7.  CBO is widely used today, by home-grown and third- party applications – 70-80% of applications using CBO today (per user surveys) – Adoption growing as more customers migrate to Oracle9i

12. What, why, and how  What changes are made to the RBO in 10g  Why migrate to the CBO – CBO is proven – CBO provides all features necessary to simplify management – CBO enables many, many other database features  How to migrate to the CBO

13. Peer pressure  Major applications use the CBO: – SAP – Oracle eBusiness Suite – Peoplesoft  User-group surveys show CBO is used in 70- 80% of all applications – CBO adoption will continue to rise as more applications migrate to Oracle9i

14. Oracle11i E-Business Suite uses Cost-Based Optimizer  Huge optimizer workload: – 479,000 SQL statements – 24,000 tables – 40,000 indexes – 20,000 views – 30,000 packages – Queries referencing > 30 tables .25% of SQL statements (~1200 statements) required tuning/modification

15. What, why, and how  What changes are made to the RBO in 10g  Why migrate to the CBO – CBO is proven – CBO provides all features necessary to simplify management – CBO enables many, many other database features  How to migrate to the CBO

16. Oracle 10g: Zero-effort query optimization  Automatic statistics management  Enhanced query optimization  Automatic SQL Tuning

17. Gathering Optimizer Statistics Accurate optimizer statistics are crucial for good performance  Oracle8i: Good – Oracle provides robust DBMS_STATS package – DBA determines how to gather statistics – DBA determine when to gather statistics  Oracle9i: Better – Oracle determines how to gather statistics  Statistics can be gathered using a single command: execute DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DATABASE_STATS (OPTIONS=>’GATHER AUTO’); – DBA determines when to analyze statistics  In Oracle 10g, statistics are fully automated

18. Automatic Statistics Gathering in Oracle 10g  How it works: – Init.ora setup: STATISTICS_LEVEL = TYPICAL (or higher)  TYPICAL is the default setting – Statistics gathered as a predefined job (GATHER_STATS_JOB) scheduled by the unified scheduler  Statistics gathered using DBMS_STATISTICS package – Oracle implicitly determines:  The database objects which have missing or stale statistics  The appropriate sampling percentage necessary to gather good statistics on those objects  The appropriate columns which require histograms and the size for those histograms  The degree of parallelism for statistics-gathering

19. Complete statistics management  Statistics are automatically saved and can be restored – Old statistics can be viewed in the ALL/DBA/USER_OPT_STATS_HISTORY – Statistics are stored in the workload repository  Statistics can be locked – Auto-gathering processes will not modify locked statistics  Statistics can be manually specified by DBA – Using DBMS_STATS.SET_TABLE/INDEX_STATISTICS  Manual statistics gathering may still be required for: – Bulk loads (e.g. in data warehouse environments) – Volatile tables

20. Enhanced Query Optimization  Sophisticated cost model extensions – Broad cost model includes CPU and cache information  Graceful behavior with missing/incomplete statistics – ‘Dynamic statistics’ enabled by default

21. Automatic SQL Tuning Overview Detect Missing Indexes Detect Poor SQL Constructs Build a SQL Profile Automatic Tuning Optimizer SQL Structure Analysis Access Path Analysis SQL Profiling Statistics Analysis Detect Missing or Stale Statistics DBA Comprehensive SQL Tuning SQL Tuning Advisor See #40173: The Self-managing Database: Guided Application and SQL Tuning

22. What, why, and how  What changes are made to the RBO in 10g  Why migrate to the CBO – CBO is proven – CBO provides all features necessary to simplify management – CBO enables many, many other database features  How to migrate to the CBO

23. Features not supported by RBO  Data structures – Partitioning – Index-organized tables – Function-based indexes – Bitmap indexes  Access techniques – Parallel Execution – Full outer joins  Query transformations – Materialized views  Dozens more … (need to list optim features)

24. What, why, and how  What changes are made to the RBO in 10g  Why migrate to the CBO – CBO is proven – CBO provides all features necessary to simplify management – CBO enables many, many other database features  How to migrate to the CBO

25. Migration methodology  Create a test environment  Gather statistics  Determine init.ora settings  Validate performance  Migrate end-users

26. Create a test environment  Key technique #1: – If you have a test/dev system, you can export statistics from the production system to the test/dev system  Key technique #2: – If you do not have a suitable test system, you can test the CBO behavior on the production system 1.Set OPTIMIZER_MODE = RULE in init.ora 2.Gather optimizer statistics 3.In your test session, ALTER SESSION SET OPTMIZER_MODE = CHOOSE (or other appropriate setting)

27. Gather Statistics  ‘Bad’ statistics is the single most common cause of poor query optimization  Gather statistics on all database objects before trying the CBO

28. Determine appropriate init.ora settings  The key parameter is OPTIMIZER_MODE – Hint: FIRST_ROWS_n provides the most similar to RBO  Always start simple – Do not use other optimizer-related parameters until all choices of OPTIMIZER_MODE are considered

29. Validate performance  The most difficult step in the migration – Need to identify key SQL statements and compare performance  ‘Bad’ queries can be corrected using a variety of techniques: – Stored outlines – Hints – SQL modifications  ‘Bad’ queries should be rare – Note experience of Oracle eBusiness Suite  When testing using Oracle 10g, use Automatic SQL Tuning

30. Migrate end-users  End-users can be migrated one-by-one – Login trigger can set OPTIMIZER_MODE for each end-user

31. More info  : “Rule Based Optimizer is to be Desupported in Oracle10i”  : “Migrating to the Cost- Based Optimizer”  Documentation  White-paper