1. Chapter 13 The Triumph Of Industry Chapter 13

2. Change in workforce In 1881, nearly three quarters of a million immigrants arrived to the U.S They were willing to work for low wages, in order to support their families

3. Rise of Big Businesses Pre Civil War Usually financed by one person Only a few people were wealthy Specialized in single operations Middle class: farmers, shopkeepers etc. Industrialization Range of operations New middle class: white collared workers Management was required to maintain the businesses Larger Investment

4. Big Businesses and Corporation Investors developed a form of group ownership known as corporation Wanted to increase and maximize profits Cheap labor

5. Robber Barons Cornelius Vanderbilt Steamboat Railroad industry John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Company Andrew Carnegie Steel Tycoon

6. John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie

7. Standard Oil Company

8. Government Regulation Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Railroad operations Sherman Anti-Trust Act Trusts

9. Social Darwinism Charles Darwin “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” William Graham Sumner applied this theory to businesses, and called it Social Darwinism

10. Organized Labor Movement

11. President Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 The first Democrat elected to the presidency after the Civil War Believed that the people should support the government but the government does not need to support the people Angered many with his strong stand against government favors and inevitably lost the election of 1888.

12. Factory Work Poor working conditions Long hours Low wages Worked in Sweatshops Child Labor

13. Methods of Unions & Owners Collective Bargaining: the process by which wages, hours, rules, and working conditions are negotiated and agreed upon by a union with an employer for all the employees Arbitration: the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management)

14. Labor Unions AFL (American Federation of Labor) 1886- Samuel Gompers Craft Union Membership dues Opposed women as workers Wanted to better wages, working hours and working conditions Knights of Labor 1869 Uriah Stephens Both skilled and unskilled workers Welcomed African Americans and Women 700,000 men and women nationwide Worked towards 8 hour work day, end to child labor, and equal opportunities for women

16. Haymarket Riot May 1886, thousands of workers began a strike for an eight hour work day On May 4, protesters gathered at Haymarket Square in Chicago Police ordered the protest to disperse, and a bomb was thrown by an unknown person Knights of Labor involvement declined Employers were more suspicious of union activities

18. Homestead Strike 1892 Union members at the Carnegie steel plant went on strike to protest a wage cut. Management brought in security guards in order to protect the plant National guard was needed to help end the fight (16 people were killed) The strike brought the union movement to a stand still

19. Pullman Strike 1893 Pullman Palace Car company laid off workers and reduced wages by 25% George Pullman owner, required workers to live in the company town Led by Eugene V. Debs 300,000 rail workers left their jobs and the strike escalated President Cleveland sent in federal troops to end the strike

20. Immigration and Urbanization

21. Why America? “Push Factors” Famine War persecution “Pull Factors” Chain immigrants Economic opportunity Religious freedom

22. Elis Island

23. Opportunities and Challenges Difficulty learning new language Employment Most stayed close to the cities Ghettos Americanization Programs Helped immigrants adopt to the American dress and diet

24. “Melting Pot” Term used to describe American Society People of all different nationalities, and religion, blend together to create one society.

26. Hostility Immigration Act of March 3, 1891 Chinese Exclusion Act Nativism Difference in culture and religion

27. Urbanization: Living in the City Advantages great opportunity for women Variety of jobs children had the opportunity to go to school entertainment

28. New Technology New technologies were invented to improve living conditions Skyscrapers Elisha Otis, developed the safety elevator Mass transit

29. Problems with Urban Living Crowded Lived in tenements Low cost multifamily housing Poor sanitation Only new urban dwellings had indoor toilets Fires

32. Gilded Age 1873 author Mark Twain ridiculed American life in his novel The Gilded Age People are becoming consumed with materials goods.

33. Higher Standards of Living Americans began measuring their wealth by what they could buy. Conspicuous Consumerism People wanted and bought new products on the market Materialistic Society

36. Literature and Entertainment Newspapers circulation increased “A Girl in the Streets” 1893 Many questioned society, and some disapproved of the new lifestyle Mark Twain Henry James

37. Education Public education grew rapidly Literacy rate increased Schools became more specialized in what they taught Limited access to white-male dominated schools introduced the growth of African American schools

39. Entertainment 1884 worlds first roller coaster First amusement parks Vaudeville shows Musical dramas, and songs Baseball, football, and boxing became popular spectator sports