1. Semantic Web Andrejs Lesovskis

2. Semantic Web layers

3. Ontology spectrum (1) Weak semantics Strong semantics Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property Modal Logic Logical theory Thesaurus Has narrower meaning than Taxonomy Is sublassification of Conceptual model Is subclass of DB Schemas, XML Schema UML First Order Logic Relational Model, XML ER Extended ER Description Logic DAML+OIL, OWL RDF/S XTM Syntactic Interoperability Structural Interoperability Semantic Interoperability From less to more expressive

4. Ontology spectrum (2) Weak semantics Strong semantics Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property Modal Logic Logical theory Thesaurus Has narrower meaning than Taxonomy Is sublassification of Conceptual model Is subclass of DB Schemas, XML Schema UML First Order Logic Relational Model, XML ER Extended ER Description Logic DAML+OIL, OWL RDF/S XTM Syntactic Interoperability Structural Interoperability Semantic Interoperability From less to more expressive Problem: Very General Semantic Expressivity: Very High Problem: Local Semantic Expressivity: Low Problem: General Semantic Expressivity: Medium Problem: General Semantic Expressivity: High

5. Open and Closed World Assumptions The Closed World Assumption (CWA) is the assumption that what is not known to be true must be false. Imagine, we have the following statement "Peteris is a citizen of Latvia." and we are asked "Is Peteris a citizen of Lithuania? ", under the CWA, the answer is no.

6. Open and Closed World Assumptions The Open World Assumption (OWA) is the opposite. In other words, it is the assumption that what is not known to be true is simply unknown. Under the OWA, the answer to the question about Peteris is "I don’t know". The Web is a system with incomplete information. Absence of information on the Web means that the information has not been made explicit. Therefore, Semantic Web uses the Open World Assumption.

7. Protégé OWL Plugin Extension of Protégé for handling OWL ontologies. Project started in April 2003. Features: Loading and saving OWL files and databases; Graphical editors for class expressions; Access to description logics reasoners; Powerful platform for hooking in custom- tailored components.

8. OWL Plugin Architecture Protégé API (Classes, properties, individuals, etc.) Protégé GUI (Tabs, Widgets, Menus) DB Storage Protégé Core System Protégé OWL API (Logical class definitions, restrictions, etc.) Protégé OWL GUI (Expression Editor, Conditions Widget, etc.) OWL File Storage Jena API (Parsing, Reasoning) OWL Plugin OWL Extension APIs (SWRL, OWL-S, etc.) OWL GUI Plugins (SWRL Editors, ezOWL, OWLViz, Wizards, etc.)

9. Tutorial Scenario Semantic Web for Tourism/Traveling domain Goal: Find matching holiday destinations for a customer I am looking for a comfortable destination with beach access Tourism Web

10. Scenario description A search problem: Match customer’s expectations with potential destinations Required: Web Service that exploits formal information about the available destinations: Accomodation (Hotels, B&B, Camping,...), Activities (Sightseeing, Sports,...), etc.

11. Semantic Web for tourism domain Open World: New hotels are being added, New activities are offered. Providers publish their services dynamically. Standard format / grounding is needed → Tourism Ontology.

12. Tourism Semantic Web OWL Metadata (Individuals) Tourism Ontology Web Services Destination AccomodationActivity OWL Metadata (Individuals) OWL Metadata (Individuals) OWL Metadata (Individuals)

13. Individuals Represent objects in the domain. Specific things. Two names (synonyms) could represent the same “real-world” individual. SydneysOlympicBeach BondiBeach Sydney

14. ObjectProperties Link two individuals together using particular relationships (0..n, n..m). Sydney BondiBeach hasPart FourSeasons hasAccomodation

15. Inverse Properties Represent bidirectional relationships. Adding a value to one property also adds a value to the inverse property. Sydney BondiBeach hasPart isPartOf

16. DatatypeProperties Link individuals to primitive values (integers, floats, strings, booleans, etc). Often: AnnotationProperties without formal “meaning”. Sydney hasSize = 4,500,000 isCapital = true rdfs:comment = “Don’t miss the opera house”

17. Classes Sets of individuals with common characteristics. Individuals are instances of at least one class (OWL supports multiple inheritance). City Sydney Beach Cairns BondiBeach CurrawongBeach

18. Range and Domain Property characteristics Domain: “left side of relation” (Destination); Range: “right side” (Accomodation). Sydney BestWestern FourSeasons hasAccomodation Destination Accomodation hasAccomodation

19. Domains Individuals can only take values of properties that have matching domain: “Only Destinations can have Accomodations”. Domain can contain multiple classes. Domain can be undefined: Property can be used everywhere.

20. Superclass Relationships Classes can be organized in a hierarchy. Direct instances of subclass are also (indirect) instances of superclasses. Cairns Sydney Canberra Coonabarabran

21. Class Relationships Classes can overlap arbitrarily. City Sydney Cairns BondiBeach RetireeDestination

22. Class Disjointness All classes could potentially overlap. In many cases we want to make sure they don’t share instances. Sydney UrbanAreaRuralArea Sydney Woomera CapeYork disjointWith City Destination

23. (Create a new OWL project)

24. (Create simple classes)

25. (Create class hierarchy and set disjoints)

26. (Create Contact class with datatype properties)

27. (Edit details of datatype properties)

28. (Create an object property hasContact)

29. (Create an object property with inverse)

30. (Create the remaining classes and properties)

31. Class Descriptions Classes can be described by their logical characteristics. Descriptions are “anonymous classes”. Things with three star accomodation Things with sightseeing opportunities RetireeDestination Sydney SanJose BlueMountains

32. Class Descriptions Define the “meaning” of classes. Anonymous class expressions are used: “All national parks have campgrounds.”, “A backpackers destination is a destination that has budget accomodation and offers sports or adventure activities.” Expressions mostly restrict property values (OWL Restrictions).

33. Class Descriptions: Why? Based on OWL’s Description Logic support. Formalize intentions and modeling decisions (comparable to test cases). Make sure that individuals fulfill conditions. Tool-supported reasoning.

34. Reasoning with Classes Tool support for three types of reasoning exists: Consistency checking: Can a class have any instances? Classification: Is A a subclass of B? Instance classification: Which classes does an individual belong to?

35. Restrictions (Overview) Define a condition for property values allValuesFrom someValuesFrom hasValue minCardinality maxCardinality cardinality An anonymous class consisting of all individuals that fulfill the condition

36. Cardinality Restrictions Meaning: The property must have at least/at most/exactly x values is the shortcut for and Example: A FamilyDestination is a Destination that has at least one Accomodation and at least 2 Activities

37. allValuesFrom Restrictions Meaning: All values of the property must be of a certain type. Warning: Also individuals with no values fulfill this condition (trivial satisfaction). Example: Hiking is a Sport that is only possible in NationalParks.

38. someValuesFrom Restrictions Meaning: At least one value of the property must be of a certain type. Others may exist as well. Example: A NationalPark is a RuralArea that has at least one Campground and offers at least one Hiking opportunity.

39. hasValue Restrictions Meaning: At least one of the values of the property is a certain value. Similar to someValuesFrom but with Individuals and primitive values. Example: A PartOfSydney is a Destination where one of the values of the isPartOf property is Sydney.

40. Enumerated Classes Consist of exactly the listed individuals. OneStarRating TwoStarRating ThreeStarRating BudgetAccomodation

41. Logical Class Definitions Define classes out of other classes unionOf (or) intersectionOf (and) complementOf (not) Allow arbitrary nesting of class descriptions (A and (B or C) and not D)

42. unionOf The class of individuals that belong to class A or class B (or both) Example: Adventure or Sports activities AdventureSports

43. intersectionOf The class of individuals that belong to both class A and class B. Example: A BudgetHotelDestination is a destination with accomodation that is a budget accomodation and a hotel. BudgetAccomodation Hotel

44. Implicit intersectionOf When a class is defined by more than one class description, then it consists of the intersection of the descriptions. Example: A luxury hotel is a hotel that is also an accommodation with 3 stars. AccommodationWith3Stars Hotel LuxuryHotel

45. complementOf The class of all individuals that do not belong to a certain class Example: A quiet destination is a destination that is not a family destination Destination FamilyDestination QuietDestination (grayed)

46. Class Conditions Necessary Conditions: (Primitive / partial classes) “If we know that something is a X, then it must fulfill the conditions...” Necessary & Sufficient Conditions: (Defined / complete classes) “If something fulfills the conditions..., then it is an X.”

47. Class Conditions (2) QuietDestination NationalPark (not everything that fulfills these conditions is a NationalPark) (everything that fulfills these conditions is a QuietDestination)

48. Classification NationalPark BackpackersDestination A RuralArea is a Destination A Campground is BudgetAccomodation Hiking is a Sport Therefore: Every NationalPark is a Backpackers- Destiantion (Other BackpackerDestinations)

49. Classification (2) Input: Asserted class definitions. Output: Inferred subclass relationships.

50. (Create an enumerated class out of individuals)

51. (Create a hasValue restriction)

53. (Create a defined class)

54. (Classify Campground)

55. (Add restrictions to City and Capital)

56. (Create defined class BackpackersDestination)

57. (Create defined class FamilyDestination)

58. (Create defined class QuietDestination)

59. (Create defined class RetireeDestination)

60. (Classification)

61. (Consistency Checking)

62. Visualization with OWLViz

63. OWL Wizards

64. Putting it All Together Ontology has been developed; Published on a dedicated web address; Ontology provides standard terminology; Other ontologies can extend it; Users can instantiate the ontology to provide instances: specific hotels, specific activities.

65. Ontology Import Adds all classes, properties and individuals from an external OWL ontology into your project. Allows to create individuals, subclasses, or to further restrict imported classes. Can be used to instantiate an ontology for the Semantic Web.

66. Tourism Semantic Web (2) OWL Metadata (Individuals) Tourism Ontology Web Services Destination AccomodationActivity

67. Ontology Import with Protégé On the Metadata tab: Add namespace, define prefix Check “Imported” and reload your project

68. Individuals

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