1. Structuring Methods/Results/Conclusions

3. Methods How to help the reader know what you did. Precisely. Everything in the methods section is related to your problem statement. The methods section is to help your reader know that your study is valid and reliable (trustworthy if you are doing a qualitative study).

4. Methods Section In this order (usually) Problem statement exactly as it appears in chapter 1. Context in which you are gathering information. ONLY include facts relative to your study. – If you are doing a study on cooperative learning does it really matter what the mission statement for the school is? Probably not. – If you are doing a study on the effectiveness of teacher inservice does it really matter that inservice days were recently cut from the teacher contract? Maybe. – If you said it in the introduction you will probably only need a brief reference here.

5. Methods Section In this order (usually)—cont. Description of those from whom you are gathering information. ONLY include facts relative to your study. – Report gender or other variables if they are relevant to your study. Are these independent variables? – This is where you talk about how your respondents got into the study. Description of the tools you used to gather information. – This includes a description of how tools were developed. This is really important in some cases. – If you are using other people’s instruments they need to be cited.

6. Methods Section In this order (usually)—cont. II Description of how you gathered information. What procedures did you use? – Get as specific as you need to for a reader to know how you did what you did. A description of how the information will be analyzed. – Don’t skip this step even if you are doing a qualitative study. – References to data gathering or analysis procedures?

7. Results If you didn’t talk about it in the methods section you can’t talk about it in results section. Alternatively, if you talked about it in the methods section it better be in the results section.

8. General statements about what you found. Usually includes statements about data analysis and the themes discovered. Description of each theme (including exemplars) Summary Remember that all you are doing is describing the data after the procedures described in the methods section are applied. Results—cont. (Qualitative)

9. General statements about the data gathered. Description of specific findings. Tables of specific findings. Summary of findings. Remember that all you are doing is describing the data after the procedures described in the methods section are applied. Results—cont. (Quantitative)

10. Conclusions are only drawn from what is presented in the Results section. Each of the last three sections of your paper flow one from another. They are directly linked together. (Referential Adequacy) Conclusions

11. What did you find relative to your problem statement? – Discussion of the results in terms of the problem statement How does what you found compare to the literature? – Discussion of the results in terms of the literature review. What might you have done differently to improve the quality of the data in your study? – Discussion of the results in terms of the methods section including issues of reliability and validity. Conclusions

12. You may wish to talk about where further research should go. – This isn’t necessary but it usually ends up being a further discussion of reliability and validity. What does this all mean for your classroom or for education in general? – Finally, you get to give an opinion. – But, it is based on data. More Conclusions