1. For Wednesday, February 25 No new reading assignment QUIZ #2 FRIDAY (BRING A CALCULATOR) Assignments: Homework #3 (due today)

2. Measuring Planet Orbits Can measure size of planet’s orbit (a) if: measure P from star’s wobble determine M for star from its light (and as long as M planet << M star ) PLANET’S FORCE ON STAR STAR’S FORCE ON PLANET

3. Example: planet orbiting star HD189733

4. Thought Question: A new planet is discovered orbiting a star that is 4 times as massive as the Sun. Astronomers find that it takes 0.5 yr to make one orbit. What does this say about the planet’s orbit? A. The planet orbits 1 AU from its star. B. The planet orbits more than 1 AU from its star. C. The planet orbits less than 1 AU from its star. D. It isn’t possible to tell how big the planet’s orbit is.

5. Thought Question: A planet is discovered orbiting another star. Astronomers find that its average distance from its star is 1 AU, but it takes 3 years to make one orbit. What does this say about the star? A. The host star is more massive than the Sun. B. The host star is less massive than the Sun. C. The host star is the same mass as the Sun. D. It isn’t possible to tell what the star’s mass is.

6. Impacts JUPITER - 1994

7. Energy The ability to do work: move a distance against an opposing force… Metric unit: Joule (J) English unit: Calorie  FORCE (FRICTION)  FORCE (GRAVITY) DISTANCE

8. Energy The ability to do work … Metric unit: Joule (J) English unit: Calorie  energy to pick a burger off floor (move it up by 1 m): 1 J  energy from eating candy bar: 10 6 J  energy released by H bomb: 5  10 15 J  energy released by Sun each second: 4  10 26 J

9. Types of Energy: Kinetic Energy kinetic energy: energy of motion o gain kinetic energy by moving with a force thermal energy: kinetic energy involving random motions of atoms and other particles higher temperature  more thermal energy EXAMPLE: GAS IN A BOX  FORCE (GRAVITY)

10. Tunguska Event SIBERIA - 1908 7:14 am (local)

11. Chelyabinsk Meteor RUSSIA – 2013 9:20 am (local)

12. Thought Question: How fast does a 10 10 kg asteroid have to be traveling to have a kinetic energy equal to an H bomb (5  10 15 J)? A.1 m / s B.1 km / s C.10 3 km / s D.10 6 km / s

13. Meteors meteors tend to hit on the leading side of Earth impact speed is usually at least Earth’s orbit speed (~30 km/s)

14. For Friday, Feb. 27 QUIZ #2

15. Types of Energy: Potential Energy potential energy: energy of position – a kind of “stored” energy increases as distance between objects increases defined to be 0 at infinite separation (d=∞) POTENTIAL ENERGY DECREASES AS IT ROLLS DOWN… BECOMING KINETIC ENERGY

16. Thought Question: A spacecraft is moving away from the Sun without firing its engines. What will happen to the spacecraft’s…  kinetic energy?  potential energy? USA Answer: A. increases B: decreases C: stays the same (Enter the two letters and hit send.)

17. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: energy can be transferred from object to object, or converted from one form to another, but never destroyed

18. Jupiter’s Moon Io

19. Example: Io volcanic eruption

20. If you shoot cannonballs into space at greater and greater speeds, what will happen?

21. low speed: crash into surface medium speed: circular orbit high speed: ellipse orbit (cannonball gets farther from Earth) Newton’s Thought Experiment Fire cannonballs from tall mountain at different speeds:

22. Escape Velocity If ship escapes, it must get far enough away that gravity can’t pull it back: ON PLANET’S SURFACE USA IN SPACE

23. Escape Velocity

24. Bound and Unbound Orbits BOUND ORBIT – object does not have enough kinetic energy to escape: UNBOUND ORBIT – object can eventually reach d = ∞ miniature golf analogy: imagine the Sun at bottom of a valley, and object rolling along the sides

25. Bound and Unbound Orbits BOUND ORBIT (ellipse or circle) — gravity able to hold object UNBOUND ORBIT (parabola or hyperbola) — object does not return after closest approach

26. Review Question: Two of the orbits in the diagram below have the same orbit period. Which one doesn’t? Enter the letters of the two answers and hit send.

27. Review Question: In the diagram below, the larger of the two orbiting objects has 4 times as much mass as the other. Where is the center of mass? Enter the number of the position. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

28. Review Question: If you need to calculate the speed of Earth orbiting the Sun, what mass and distance do you need to use? A.Earth’s massEarth-Sun distance B.Sun’s massEarth’s radius C.Earth’s massEarth’s radius D.Sun’s massEarth-Sun distance

29. Review Question: For the Dawn spacecraft going into orbit around the dwarf planet Ceres, which of the following do you need to know to calculate the spacecraft’s orbit period? (Enter all letters you need.) A.Ceres’ radius B.Ceres’ semi-major axis C.Dawn’s semi-major axis D.Sun’s mass E.Ceres’ mass F.Dawn’s mass