2. 1. WWII IN EUROPE-------Allies vs Axis Powers Big 3 Strategy: –Get Hitler First –Converge on Germany- create a second 2nd Front –Call for Unconditional surrender Turning point battles---1942 to 1945 –Invasion of North Africa –El Alamein –Stalingrad –Invasion of Sicily and Italy –D-Day invasion----June 6, 1944- –Battle of the Bulge –Yalta Conference----Feb. 1945 Three world leaders die in April of 1945 WWII ends in Europe with the Battle for Berlin Germany surrenders, May 2, 1945 –Victory in Europe or VE Day---

3. 1935: prohibited arms shipments to all belligerent countries. 1936: forbid loans to all belligerents Cash and Carry1937: “Cash and Carry” principle: all nations must pay for nonmilitary purchases and ship the goods in their own vessels 1935: prohibited arms shipments to all belligerent countries. 1936: forbid loans to all belligerents Cash and Carry1937: “Cash and Carry” principle: all nations must pay for nonmilitary purchases and ship the goods in their own vessels Neutral

4. Danzig and the Polish Corridor After the Czechoslovakia, Hitler wanted Poland. Why? – Danzig, a seaport city that was 90% German – Germany lost this after WWI so that Poland would have access to the sea. If Hitler invaded Poland, Great Britain and France would declare war on Germany. Hitler prepared to invade and started to negotiate with the USSR signing the Non- Aggression Pact

5. If Stalin had to fight the British and French he did not want to fight the Soviets, too. Hitler and Stalin sign the Non-Aggression Pact and divide Poland. Hitler is free to launch his attack on Europe- the Blitzkrieg If Stalin had to fight the British and French he did not want to fight the Soviets, too. Hitler and Stalin sign the Non-Aggression Pact and divide Poland. Hitler is free to launch his attack on Europe- the Blitzkrieg

6. ww2 begins WWII BEGINS IN EUROPE GERMANY INVADES POLANDSEPT. 1, 1939, GERMANY INVADES POLAND….. WWIITHIS BEGINS WWII… GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR ON GERMANY! GERMANY INVADES POLANDSEPT. 1, 1939, GERMANY INVADES POLAND….. WWIITHIS BEGINS WWII… GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR ON GERMANY!

7. BLITZKREIG GERMAN MILITARY TACTICS OR “LIGHTING WAR” The key to blitzkrieg is … SURPRISE! It is designed to attack and coordinate all military resources at many different targets with overwhelming numbers so as to simply devastate the enemy.

8. BLITZKREIG Attack with the Luftwaffe (Airforce) –Fighters (air superiority) –Stuka (Dive bombers) –Bombers Destroy Communications (radio…) Destroy Transportation (bridges, RR) Destroy Military Targets (bases, supply) Step One

9. BLITZKREIG PANZERSNext come the PANZERS (tanks) Hitler’s military designers had developed extremely advanced tanks. Their tanks were light years ahead. Advance very quickly, and destroy any remaining targets that the Luftwaffe had left behind. (Comm, Trans, Military) Step Two

10. BLITZKREIG Finally come the infantry They had been training for several years and these troops were VERY ready. Hitler’s troops were already battle experienced b/c of the Spanish Civil War. Their job was to MOP UP anything left. Step Three

11. Map in 1942

12. Hitler crushes France in June 1940 Hitler’s last enemy was Great Britain, who along with France had been defeated at the battle of Dunkirk Hitler wanted to gain air supremacy. Battle of Britain, largest air battle ever fought in the history of warfare. July to November 1940 and was won by the Royal Air Force (RAF or British Air Force). First major German loss in WWII and forced Hitler to change his strategy British people fought for their country and a possible Nazi invasion (Operation Sea Lion). Britain

13. Now Britain Is All Alone! Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of Great Britain. The “Lion of England”

14. "What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin, upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization, upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institution and our Empire." Britain WINSTON CHURCHILL JUNE 18 1940 FROM HIS "FINEST HOUR" SPEECH

15. Britain London’s Casualties 43,000 Killed 51,000 Seriously injured 88,000 Slightly injured Nearly 500 (RAF) pilots and aircrew had been killed, 500 wounded and 915 aircraft were destroyed. NazisThe once undefeated Luftwaffe (Nazis) had been beaten and lost 1733 aircraft and crews in the process. Their immortality (RAF) was guaranteed when Churchill in a speech made on the 20th August said "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few".

16. Neutral 1939: prohibited Americans from traveling on ships of belligerent nations 1940: Lend Lease program offered to Great Britain…. U.S. becomes the “arsenal of democracy” FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by protecting democracies and preparing the US for war…..FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by protecting democracies and preparing the US for war…..

17. Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941, “ US becomes the arsenal of democracy”

18. 1941, The Key Year for the US Hitler invaded Soviet Union (June 1941) the Japanese are planning their attack on the United States. (Dec. 1941). The US had frozen trade w/ Japan

19. Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941Pearl Harbor, on the Island of O'ahu, Hawaii, (then a territory of the United States) was attacked by the Japanese Imperial Navy, at approximately 8:00 A.M., Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. Admiral Isoroku YamamotoThe surprise attack had been conceived by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. 353 Japanese aircraftThe striking force of 353 Japanese aircraft was led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. formal declaration of warThere had been no formal declaration of war. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Captain Mitsuo Fuchida

20. In less than 2 hours, the Pacific Fleet lost two battleships, six others were heavily battered and nearly a dozen lesser vessels put out of action. More than 150 planes were wrecked; over 2,300 servicemen were killed and 1,100 wounded. Blame was widespread, both on the Officials in Washington and on the Admiral and the General in Hawaii.

21. WWII POLITICAL ALLIESAXIS THE BIG THREE WINSTON CHURCHILL—Great Britain FDR---U.S. JOSEPH STALIN---Soviet Union BENITO MUSSOLINI ADOLF HITLER HIDEKI TOJO “The enemy of my enemy, is my friend” “The enemy of my enemy, is my friend”

22. Date PlaceParticipantsDecisions Dec. 1941 to Jan. 1942 June 1942 Washington Conference 1 st 2 nd FDR Winston Churchill Big 2 War Production, shipping, aid for China, diversion of German strength from Eastern Front and a North African invasion. Jan. 1943 Casablanca Conference FDR Winston Churchill Big 2 Plans for invasion of Sicily and to step up Pacific War…D-day invasion in 1944 onto French coast. Unconditional Surrender of Germany Nov. 1943 Teheran Conference FDR Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Big 3 1 st time “Big 3” meet. Stalin demands 2 nd front onto French coast…. Date of D-day invasion decided… General Eisenhower appointed as commander of Allies

23. Hitler First Allied Strategy Eastern Front Souther n Front Western Front

24. soft underbelly” Attack Hitler’s “soft underbelly”

25. Stalin’s 2 nd front

26. soft underbelly” Attack Hitler’s “soft underbelly” TURNING POINT BATTLES1942 Allied invasion of North Africa El Alamein TURNING POINT BATTLES1942 Allied invasion of North Africa El Alamein

27. The North Africa Campaign: The Battle of El Alamein, 1942 The North Africa Campaign: The Battle of El Alamein, 1942 Gen. Ernst Rommel, The “Desert Fox” Gen. Bernard Law Montgomery (“Monty”)

28. German General Erwin Rommel German tank commander “ known as the “Desert Fox”- mobile operations Implicated in attempt to kill Hitler but really an advocate of defeatism, he would be forced by Hitler to accept trial for high treason or commit suicide WWII Military Leaders

29. General Bernard Montgomery British commanding officer Defeated Rommel at El Alamein WWII Military Leaders The horrendous British casualties in 1914-1918 help explain Montgomery's caution as a commander twenty-five years later.

30. soft underbelly” Attack Hitler’s “soft underbelly” TURNING POINT BATTLES1942 Allied invasion of North Africa El Alamein TURNING POINT BATTLES1942 Allied invasion of North Africa El Alamein 1943 Battle of Stalingrad.

31. “2nd Front” Stalin upset with the FDR and Churchill because they took their time establishing a “2nd Front” in Western Europe while Russian soldiers were being massacred by the Germans………... Big 3

32. Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of 1942-1943 German ArmyRussian Army 1,011,500 men1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks894 tanks 1,216 planes1,115 planes  Stalin orders his troops to follow the “scorched earth policy”  Germans are surrounded at Stalingrad and supply lines are cut by the Russians. Germans surrender to Soviets.

33. STALINGRAD Russians had trapped the Germans in Stalingrad Hitler orders no surrender Supreme Commander to 6 Army, January 24, 1943 "Surrender is forbidden. 6 Army will hold their positions to the last man and the last round and by their heroic endurance will make an unforgettable contribution towards the establishment of a defensive front and the salvation of the Western world." Hitler's communication with von Paulus. Unable to break out, the Germans also had to face the winter. Temperatures dropped to well below zero and food, ammunition and heat were in short supply

34. STALINGRAD However, by the end of January 1943, the Germans could do nothing else but surrender. Why was this battle so important? A complete army group was lost at Stalingrad and 91,000 Germans were taken prisoner. With such a massive loss of manpower and equipment, the Germans simply did not have enough manpower to cope with the Russian advance to Germany when it came. Hitler commented: "The God of War has gone over to the other side."

35. soft underbelly” Attack Hitler’s “soft underbelly” TURNING POINT BATTLES1942 Allied invasion of North Africa El Alamein TURNING POINT BATTLES1942 Allied invasion of North Africa El Alamein 1943 Battle of Stalingrad. Allied invasion of Sicily

36. The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”]: Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] : Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”  George S. Patton leads American troops

37. General George PattonGeneral George Patton Graduate of West Point Tank commander and commander of the 7 th Army Germans feared Patton “ole blood and guts”“ole blood and guts” WWII Military Leaders

38. The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943 The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943 General George S. Patton: Operation Mincemeat: body, secret plans in case, divert to Corsica, really a homeless man. Hitler redirected his troops in the summer of 1943, a massive Allied invasion force was sailingto Sicily.

39. The Allies Liberate Rome: June 5, 1944

42. Planning D-Day Fearing an Allied invasion Hitler order the construction of the Atlantic Wall- 2,400 mile fortification of concrete bunkers, barbed wire, tank ditches, landmines, fixed-gun emplacements and beach and underwater obstacles. Subterfuge is needed: diversion at Calais- To fool the Germans to believing the invasion was at Calais, the Allies dropped dummy parachute soldiers…..

43.  D-Day, the decision day or H-day…Stalin’s 2 nd front….one of the Largest military invasion in world history to defeat Hitler.  The 5000-vessel armada stretched as far as the eye could see, transporting over 150,000 men and nearly 50,000 vehicles across the channel to the French beaches along a 50 mile stretch of the Normandy Beaches.  First Wave: Six parachute regiments -- over 13,000 men -- were flown from nine British airfields in over 800 planes, dropped behind enemy lines with a mission to destroy communication and supply lines.  More than 300 planes dropped 13,000 bombs over coastal Normandy immediately in advance of the invasion.  War planners had projected that 5,000 tons of gasoline would be needed daily for the first 20 days after the initial assault.  Second Wave: fight to take the beach. By nightfall on June 6, more than 9,000 Allied soldiers were dead or wounded, but more than 100,000 had made it ashore, securing French coastal villages.  Within weeks, supplies were being unloaded at UTAH and OMAHA beachheads at the rate of over 20,000 tons per day.  Nearly a year later Germany would surrender

44. Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”] Big 3Tehran Conference Supreme Allied Commander US General Dwight Eisenhower was chosen by the Big 3 at the Tehran Conference (Nov. 28- Dec. 1, 1943) as the Supreme Allied Commander and was responsible for the D-Day Invasion.

45. General Dwight Eisenhower4 Star, US General Dwight Eisenhower Graduate of West Point Commanded Allied invasion on North Africa in 1942 D-Day.Named Supreme Allied Commander and in charge of D-Day. WWII Military Leaders

46. = Canadian = Great Britain = United States

47. Normandy Beach today

49. DDay

51. The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler’s Last Offensive Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945

52. July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot Major Claus von Stauffenberg tried to kill Hitler.Major Claus von Stauffenberg tried to kill Hitler. Believed Hitler was evil.Believed Hitler was evil.

55. US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River: April 25, 1945

57. V-E Day (May 8 th, 1945) V-E = Victory in Europe The Soviets reached Berlin from the East and the Germans surrendered… Celebrations across Europe… Churchill in London  A Soviet Soldier flies the flag of the Soviet Union over Berlin

58. YaltaConference: February, 1945  Talks prior to war’s end-  FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war.  FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer (Poland), FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany.  Churchill wants strong Germany as buffer against Stalin.  FDR argues for a ‘United Nations’.

59. Yalta DECISIONS MADE AT YALTA United Nations  Created a United Nations to promote world peace.  Germany and Berlin US, British, France and Soviet Union  Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones controlled by the US, British, France and Soviet Union “free elections”  Eastern European countries under Soviet control would have “free elections” Cold War  Stalin agreed but kept Eastern Europe under Soviet control after WWII leading to the Cold War….. You cannot trust the words of a dictator”. The decisions at the Yalta Conference shaped the post WWII world. Many agreements were made but the lasting effect was: “You cannot trust the words of a dictator”.

61. FDR dies in Warm Springs, Georgia on April 12, 1945 Mussolini is executed by his own people on April 28, 1945 Hitler realizing that Berlin was about to fall, married his mistress, Eva Braun and both commit suicide on April 30, 1945.

62. United Nations United NationsAllied Powers became the United Nations. Germans surrender to the United Nations to end the war in Europe United Nations United NationsAllied Powers became the United Nations. Germans surrender to the United Nations to end the war in Europe

63. UN Democracy Communism Limited Democracy 1 Party State Military Dictatorship Dictatorship Monarchy No Self Government No Government Chin a U.S.AU.S.A *Great Britain **France * ** Soviet Union Founders of the United Nations in 1945 Permanent seats on the Security Council. Replaced the League of Nations to promote world peace Worked to create the state of Israel by 1948

65. WW II Casualties: Europe Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

66. WW II Casualties: Asia Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

67. SEE WWII PACIFIC PPT PACIFIC THEATER OF WAR Meanwhile….