2. Fair Trade: Social Movement – improve conditions of direct producers in Third World (raw materials, agricultural goods) 1960s Europe Less that 1/100 of 1% of world trade Critique – a form of subsidy? does not challenge structure of trading system

3. Structure of International Trade Between Developed Countries Prices of manufactures goods higher than prices of agricultural goods Structural asymmetry between North and South

4. Transnational Production International Division of Labor Core, Periphery, Semi periphery Skilled/Unskilled New International Division of Labor Post-Fordist, flexible accumulation Service economy Manufacturing – offshore

5. Raymond-Vernon, Product Life Cycle Innovation, high cost, R and D, technology Innovate in capital/knowledge intensive area - monopoly Technological diffusion- importing countries produce product cheaply Competition increase Cost of production – Variable Cost - labor

6. Move production off shore Economies of scale Cheaper wages Transnational Corporation – 500 largest in the world in the world 170-US 70 Japan, 38 France, 38 UK Automobiles, computers Wal-Mart Retail 1.8 million employees

7. Portfolio investment (only financial resources) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 1950s and 1960s Horizontal integration of TNC – produce same product in many different countries Toyota produces cars in US and Japan Vertical integration – British Petroleum

8. Critical theory Susan Strange - costs of transportation, communication, new financial instruments, new technologies Oligopolistic structure of global capital Effects of TNCs on Host Countries? Entrepreneurship New management styles Work cultures, competition

9. Critique; Local business culture Market concentration HIGH VALUE ADDED IMPORTED Low-skill manufacture in offshore Multiplier effect not possible in host country