1. Ancient Egypt The Land, the River, and the People

4. A shaduf in use in Kom Obo. Watering plants in a garden with a shaduf; from the tomb of the sculptor Ipuy, Deir al- Medina, 19 th Dyn

5. Sugar Cane Fields with the Valley of the Kings in the Background. Photograph by Brigitte Nioche.

6. Plowing, harvesting, and threshing; painting from the tomb of Nakht, 18 th Dyn Plowing and sowing; painting from the burial chamber of Sennedjem, Deir al- Medina, 19 th Dyn Stereoscopic view of the Nile during inundation.

7. Schematic cross-section of the White Nile (Rural Development in White Nile Province, Sudan, ed H R J Davies [Tokyo: United Nations University, 1986 ])

8. Plate Tectonics, 210-7 Ma

11. Giza and the Pyramids

12. Abusir Luxor, West Bank

13. Panorama of the Colossi of Memnon; photograph by Tim Dellmann, 2008 Aerial view of Deir el-Medina from the west, with the Nile Valley beyond

14. Panoramic view of Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple, 18 th Dyn; photograph by Benjamin Franck, 2005 Panoramic view of the Valley of the Kings, view north, 18 th -20 th Dyn; photograph by Nikola Smolenski, 2008

16. Bedouin village in the Sahara

17. Palaeolithic700,000-7000 BCE Saharan Neolithic8800-4700 Early8800-6800 Middle6600-5100 Late5100-4700 Predynastic5300-3000 Lower Egypt Neolithic5300-4000 Maadi4000-3200 Upper Egypt Badarian4400-4000 Naqada I4000-3500 (Amratian) Naqada II3500-3200 (Gerzean) Naqada III3200-3000 (Dynasty 0) 1 ST Persian Period (27 th -30 th )525-404 2d Persian Period343-332 Ptolemaic Period332-30 Macedonian332-310 Ptolemaic305-30 Roman30 BCE-642 CE