1. 1 CAPACITORS SLIDES BY ZIL E HUMA

2. 2 OBJECTIVES  Capacitors  Capacitance of a capacitor  Unit of capacitance  Dielectric materials  Types of capacitors  Capacitors in parallel  Capacitors in series

3. 3 CAPACITORS  DEF A c apacitor is a device that stores energy in an electrostatic field.

4. 4 CAPACITORS  Generalized Capacitors consisting of two conductors a & b of arbitrary shape.  These conductors are called plates which are totally isolated from there surroundings. For the time being we assumed that the conductors exist in a vacuum.

5. 5  A capacitors is said to be charged if its plates carry equal and opposite charges +q and –q respectively.  Here q represents the absolute value of charge of either plates i.e. q represent the magnitude only and the sign of charge of a given plate must be specified.  We can charge a capacitor by connecting the two plates to opposite terminals of the battery. Because the plates are conductors, they are equipotential, and potential difference of the battery appears across the plates.

6. 6 +q -q Two conductors, isolated from one another and from their surroundings, form a capacitor.

7. 7  We represent the magnitude of the potential difference between the plates by V.  There is a direct proportionality between the magnitude of the charge q on the capacitor and the potential difference V between its plates. q=CV Where the C is constant of proportionality is called the capacitance of the capacitor.

8. 8 UNIT OF CAPACITANCE  The SI unit of capacitance is the Coulomb/Volt which is given the name farad. 1 farad = coulomb/volt. It is the capacity of a conductor whose potential rises by one volt when a charge of one coulomb is given to it.

9. 9 DIELECTRIC MATERIALS  The insulating substances which are placed between the plates of the capacitors are called as dielectric materials.  The presence of dielectric material alters the capacitance of the capacitor and the electric field between its plates.

10. 10 TYPES OF THE CAPACITORS Electrolytic Capacitors -Made of electrolyte -Aluminum electrodes are used by using a thin Oxidation membrane. Most common type, polarized capacitor. -Applications: Ripple filters, timing circuits. -Cheap, readily available, good for storage of charge (energy). -Not very accurate - leakage, drifting, so not suitable for use in hf circuits. -Available in very small or very large values in µF.

11. 11 Tantalum Made of Tantalum Pent oxide. They are electrolytic capacitors but used with a material called tantalum for the electrodes. Superior to electrolytic capacitors. Excellent temperature and frequency characteristics

12. 12 Mostly used in analog signal systems because of the lack of current-spike-noise. Small size fits anywhere, reliable, most common values readily available. Expensive, easily damaged by spikes, large values exists but may be hard to obtain.

13. 13 Super Capacitors – The Electric Double Layer capacitor. range available: Capacitance is 0.47 Farad (470,000 µF). physical dimensions : Despite the large capacitance value, its physical dimensions are relatively small. It has a diameter of 21 mm (almost an inch) and a height of 11 mm (1/2 inch). Like other electrolytics the super capacitor is also polarized.

14. 14 Polyester Film This capacitor uses a thin polyester film as a dielectric. Not as high tolerance. Cheap, temperature stable, readily available, widely used. Tolerance is approx 5% to 10%. May not be suitable for all applications.

15. 15 Polypropylene Mainly used when a higher tolerance is needed then polyester caps can offer. This polypropylene film is the dielectric. Very little change in capacitance when these capacitors are used in applications within frequency range 100KHz. Tolerance is about 1%. Very small values are available.

16. 16 Ceramic – Constructed with materials such as titanium acid barium for dielectric. they are well suited for use in high frequency applications. Typically used to by-pass high frequency signals to ground. They are shaped like a disk, available in very small capacitance values and very small sizes. Comes in very small size and value, very cheap, reliable. They are identified by a black stripe on top.

17. 17 Multilayer Ceramic – Dielectric is made up of many layers. Small in size, very good temperature stability, excellent frequency stable characteristics. They don't have a polarity. The CK05 style 0.1µF/50V caps for example resonate around 30MHz. As with all ceramic capacitors, be careful bending the legs or spreading them apart to close to the disc body or they may get damaged.

18. 18 Silver-Mica Mica is used as a dielectric. Used in resonance circuits, frequency filters, and military RF applications. Highly stable, good temperature coefficient, no large values, high voltage types available.

19. 19 Adjustable Capacitors Also called trimmer capacitors or variable capacitors. It uses ceramic or plastic as a dielectric. The ceramic type has the value printed on them. Colors are: yellow (5pF), blue (7pF), white (10pF), green (30pF), brown (60pf). There are a couple more colors like red, beige, and purple.

20. 20 Tuning or 'air-core' capacitors. They use the surrounding air as a dielectric. Mostly used in radio and radar equipment. This type usually have more (air) capacitors combined (ganged) and so when the adjustment axel is turned, the capacitance of all of them changes simultaneously. The one on the right has a polyester film as a dielectric constant and combines two independent capacitors plus included is a trimmer cap, one for each side.

21. 21 Combining Capacitors & Formula's: Is it possible to combine capacitors to get to a certain value like we do with resistors? CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL Capacitors connected in parallel have their capacitance added together, which is just the opposite of parallel resistors. It is an excellent way of increasing the total storage capacity of an electric charge.

22. 22 C total = C 1 + C 2 + C 3

23. 23 Keep in mind that only the total capacitance changes, not the supplied voltage. Every single capacitor will see the same voltage, no matter what.

24. 24 Example: you have three capacitors with voltages of 16V, 25V, and 50V. The voltage must not exceed the lowest voltage, in this case the 16V one. As a matter of fact, and a rule-of-thumb, always choose a capacitor which is twice the supplied input voltage. Example: If the input voltage is 12V you would select a 24V type (in real life 25V).

25. 25 CAPACITORS IN SERIES Again, just the opposite way of calculating resistors. Multiple capacitors connected in series with each other will have the total capacitance lower than the lowest single value capacitor in that circuit.

26. 26 For a regular two capacitor series we use this simple formula: If you have two identical capacitors in series then the formula is simplified as:

27. 27 microFarads(µF ) nanoFarad(nF)picoFarads(pF) 0.000001µF = 0.001nF = 1pF 0.00001µF = 0.01nF = 10pF 0.0001µF = 0.1nF = 100pF 0.001µF = 1nF = 1000pF 0.01µF = 10nF = 10,000pF 0.1µF = 100nF = 100,000pF 1µF = 1000nF = 1,000,000pF 10µF = 10,000nF = 10,000,000pF 100µF = 100,000nF = 100,000,000pF