1. BANGOR TRANSFER ABROAD PROGRAMME JOB ANALYSIS

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–2 The Basics of Job Analysis: Terms Job AnalysisJob Analysis  The procedure for determining the duties and skill requirements of a job and the kind of person who should be hired for it. Job DescriptionJob Description  A list of a job’s duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities—one product of a job analysis. Job SpecificationsJob Specifications  A list of a job’s “human requirements,” that is, the requisite education, skills, personality, and so on—another product of a job analysis.

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–3 Types of Information Collected Work activities Human behaviors Human requirements Job context Machines, tools, equipment, and work aids Performance standards Information Collected Via Job Analysis

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–4 Uses of Job Analysis Information Recruitment and selection Compensation EEO compliance Discovering unassigned duties Performance appraisal Training Information Collected via Job Analysis

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–5 FIGURE 4–1Uses of Job Analysis Information Job analysis Job description and specification Recruiting and selection decisions Performance appraisal Job evaluation— wage and salary decisions (compensation) Training requirements

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–6 Steps in Job Analysis 12 345 Steps in doing a job analysis: Review relevant background information. Decide how you’ll use the information. Select representative positions. Actually analyze the job. Verify the job analysis information. 6 Develop a job description and job specification.

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–7 FIGURE 4–2Process Chart for Analyzing a Job’s Workflow

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–8 Collecting Job Analysis Information Interviews Questionnaires Observations Methods for Collecting Job Analysis Information Diaries/Logs

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–9 Job Analysis: Interviewing Guidelines The job analyst and supervisor should work together to identify the workers who know the job best.The job analyst and supervisor should work together to identify the workers who know the job best. Quickly establish rapport with the interviewee.Quickly establish rapport with the interviewee. Follow a structured guide or checklist, one that lists open-ended questions and provides space for answers.Follow a structured guide or checklist, one that lists open-ended questions and provides space for answers. Ask the worker to list his or her duties in order of importance and frequency of occurrence.Ask the worker to list his or her duties in order of importance and frequency of occurrence. After completing the interview, review and verify the data.After completing the interview, review and verify the data.

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–10 Methods for Collecting Job Analysis Information: The Interview Information SourcesInformation Sources  Individual employees  Groups of employees  Supervisors with knowledge of the job AdvantagesAdvantages  Quick, direct way to find overlooked information DisadvantageDisadvantage  Distorted information Interview FormatsInterview Formats  Structured (Checklist)  Unstructured

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–11 Methods for Collecting Job Analysis Information: Questionnaires Information SourceInformation Source  Have employees fill out questionnaires to describe their job-related duties and responsibilities Questionnaire FormatsQuestionnaire Formats  Structured checklists  Open-ended questions AdvantagesAdvantages  Quick and efficient way to gather information from large numbers of employees DisadvantagesDisadvantages  Expense and time consumed in preparing and testing the questionnaire

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–12 FIGURE 4–3Job Analysis Questionnaire for Developing Job Descriptions Note: Use a questionnaire like this to interview job incumbents, or have them fill it out.

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–13 FIGURE 4–3Job Analysis Questionnaire for Developing Job Descriptions (cont’d)

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–14 FIGURE 4–4Example of Position/Job Description Intended for Use Online

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–15 FIGURE 4–4Example of Position/Job Description Intended for Use Online (cont’d)

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–16 Methods for Collecting Job Analysis Information: Observation Information SourceInformation Source  Observing and noting the physical activities of employees as they go about their jobs by managers. AdvantagesAdvantages  Provides first-hand information  Reduces distortion of information DisadvantagesDisadvantages  Time consuming  Reactivity response distorts employee behavior  Difficulty in capturing entire job cycle  Of little use if job involves a high level of mental activity

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–17 Methods for Collecting Job Analysis Information: Participant Diaries/Logs Information SourceInformation Source  Workers keep a chronological diary or log of what they do and the time spent on each activity AdvantagesAdvantages  Produces a more complete picture of the job  Employee participation DisadvantagesDisadvantages  Distortion of information  Depends upon employees to accurately recall their activities

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–18 Quantitative Job Analysis Techniques Position Analysis Questionnaire Functional Job Analysis Quantitative Job Analysis Department of Labor (DOL) Procedure

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–19 FIGURE 4–5Portion of a Completed Page from the Position Analysis Questionnaire The 194 PAQ elements are grouped into six dimensions. This exhibit lists 11 of the “information input” questions or elements. Other PAQ pages contain questions regarding mental processes, work output, relationships with others, job context, and other job characteristics.

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–20 TABLE 4–1Basic Department of Labor Worker Functions

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–21 FIGURE 4–6Sample Report Based on Department of Labor Job Analysis Technique

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–22 Internet-Based Job Analysis AdvantagesAdvantages  Collects information in a standardized format from geographically dispersed employees  Requires less time than face-to-face interviews  Collects information with minimal intervention or guidance

23. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–23 FIGURE 4–7Selected O*NET General Work Activities Categories

24. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–24 Writing Job Descriptions Job identification Job summary Responsibilities and duties Authority of the incumbent Standards of performance Working conditions Job specifications Sections of a Typical Job Description

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–25 The Job Description Job IdentificationJob Identification  Job title  FLSA status section  Preparation date  Preparer Job SummaryJob Summary  General nature of the job  Major functions/activities RelationshipsRelationships  Reports to:  Supervises:  Works with:  Outside the company: Responsibilities and DutiesResponsibilities and Duties  Major responsibilities and duties (essential functions)  Decision-making authority  Direct supervision  Budgetary limitations Standards of Performance and Working ConditionsStandards of Performance and Working Conditions  What it takes to do the job successfully

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–26 FIGURE 4–8Sample Job Description, Pearson Education

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–27 FIGURE 4–8Sample Job Description, Pearson Education (cont’d)

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–28 FIGURE 4–9Marketing Manager Description from Standard Occupational Classification

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–29 Using the Internet for Writing Job Descriptions

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–30 TABLE 4–2SOC Major Groups of Jobs

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–31 Writing Job Descriptions (cont’d) Step 1.Decide on a Plan Step 2.Develop an Organization Chart Step 3.Use a Simplified Job Analysis Questionnaire Step 4.Obtain List of Job Duties from O*NET Step 5.Compile the Job’s Human Requirements from O*NET Step 6.Finalize the Job Description

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–32 FIGURE 4–10Preliminary Job Description Questionnaire

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–33 Using O*Net for Writing Job Descriptions

34. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–34 Using O*Net for Writing Job Descriptions (cont’d)

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–35 Using O*Net for Writing Job Descriptions (cont’d)

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–36 Writing Job Specifications Job specifications for trained versus untrained personnel Job specifications based on statistical analysis “What human traits and experience are required to do this job well?” Job specifications based on judgment

37. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–37 Writing Job Specifications (cont’d) Steps in the Statistical ApproachSteps in the Statistical Approach 1. Analyze the job and decide how to measure job performance. 2. Select personal traits that you believe should predict successful performance. 3. Test candidates for these traits. 4. Measure the candidates’ subsequent job performance. 5. Statistically analyze the relationship between the human traits and job performance.

38. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–38 Job Analysis in a Worker-Empowered World Job Enlargement Job Enrichment Job Design: From Specialized to Enriched Jobs Job Rotation

39. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–39 Other Changes at Work Flattening the organization Reengineering business processes Changing the Organization and Its Structure Using self-managed work teams

40. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–40 Competency-Based Job Analysis CompetenciesCompetencies  Demonstrable characteristics of a person that enable performance of a job. Reasons for Competency-Based Job AnalysisReasons for Competency-Based Job Analysis  To support a high-performance work system (HPWS).  To create strategically-focused job descriptions.  To support the performance management process in fostering, measuring, and rewarding:  General competencies  Leadership competencies  Technical competencies

41. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–41 How to Write Job Competencies-Based Job Descriptions Interview job incumbents and their supervisorsInterview job incumbents and their supervisors  Ask open-ended questions about job responsibilities and activities.  Identify critical incidents that pinpoint success on the job. Use off-the-shelf competencies databanksUse off-the-shelf competencies databanks

42. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–42 FIGURE 4–11The Skills Matrix for One Job at BP Note:The lighter color boxes within the individual columns indicate the minimum level of skill required for the job.

43. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall4–43 K E Y T E R M S job analysis job description job specifications organization chart process chart diary/log position analysis questionnaire (PAQ) Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) job enlargement job rotation job enrichment competency-based job analysis