1. Overview of Lecture
Partitioning
Evaluating the Null Hypothesis
ANOVA
Basic Ratios
Sums of Squares
Mean Squares
Degrees of Freedom
F-Ratio
Evaluating the F-Ratio
Analytical Comparisons

2. Partitioning the Deviations AS 25 A 2 T -
Within Subjects
deviation
Between Subjects

3. Evaluating the Null Hypothesis
If we consider the ratio of the between groups variability and the within groups variability
Then we have

4. Evaluating the Null Hypothesis
If the null hypothesis is true then the treatment effect is equal to zero:
If the null hypothesis is false then the treatment effect is greater than zero:

5. ANOVA
Analysis of variance uses the ratio of two sources of variability to test the null hypothesis
Between group variability estimates both experimental error and treatment effects
Within subjects variability estimates experimental error

6. From Deviations to Variances
In order to evaluate the null hypothesis, it is necessary to transform the between group and within-group deviations into more useful quantities, namely, variances.
For this reason the statistical analysis involving the comparison of variances reflecting different sources of variability is called the analysis of variance.
For the purposes of analysis of variance a variance is defined as follows

7. The Sums of Squares From the basic deviations
A similar relationship holds for the sum of squares
In other words

8. IV: Lecturer, DV: Exam Score
Example Data
IV: Lecturer, DV: Exam Score

9. Basic Ratios:
A Basic Ratio is defined as:
The numerator term for any basic ratio involves two steps:
the initial squaring of a set of quantities
summing the squared quantities if more than one is present.
The denominator term for each ratio is the number of items that contribute to the sum or score.
Basic Ratios make the calculation of the sum of squares relatively simple

10. The Notation for Basic Ratios
To emphasise the critical nature of these basic ratios, we will use a distinctive symbol to designate basic ratios and to distinguish among them

11. Calculating the Basic Ratios
Starting with the basic score, AS, and substituting into the formula for basic ratios:
The second basic ratio involves the sums of the treatment conditions.
The final basic ratio we require involves the grand sum.

12. Calculating the Sums of Squares
The sums of squares can be calculated by combining these basic ratios.
Total Sum of Squares
Between Group Sum of Squares
Within Group Sum of Squares

13. Variance Estimates: Mean Squares
The ratio we are interested in is the ratio of the between groups variability and the within groups variability
In this context, the variability is defined by the equation.
where SS refers to the component sums of squares and df represent the degrees of freedom associated with the SS.

14. Degrees of Freedom
The degrees of freedom associated with a sum of squares correspond to the number of scores with independent information which enter into the calculation of the sum of squares.
Degrees of freedom are the number of observations that are free to vary when we know something about those observations.

15. Degrees of Freedom
The Between Group Degrees of Freedom
The Within Group Degrees of Freedom
The Total Degrees of Freedom

16. Mean Squares
The Between Group Mean Square
The Within Group Mean Square

17. The F-Ratio
The F-Ratio is defined as

18. The Anova Summary Table
The results of the Anova are usually displayed by computers programs in a summary table:

19. Testing the Null Hypothesis
In order to decide whether or not the null hypothesis is rejected we need to find out what value of F is necessary to reject the null hypothesis.
There is a simple rule for this.
Reject H0 when Fobserved> Fcritical otherwise do not reject H0
We obtain a value for Fcritical by looking it up in the F tables.

20. The Critical F-Value
To find the critical value
Take the degrees of freedom for the effect (A) and look along the horizontal axis of the F table.
Take the degrees of freedom for the error term (S/A) and look down the vertical axis of the F table.
The place were the column for the degrees of freedom of the effect A meets the row for the degrees of freedom of the error (S/A) is the critical value of F.
For these data Fcritical =3.89 so we can reject the null hypothesis

21. The Omnibus F
The F-ratio includes information about all the levels of the independent variable that we have manipulated.
The F-ratio for an overall difference between the means as reported in the ANOVA summary table is known as the Omnibus F-ratio.
The best the Omnibus F-ratio can tell us is that there are differences between the means.
It cannot tell us that what those differences are.

22. Analytical Comparisons
With a nonsignificant omnibus F we are prepared to assert that there are no observed differences among the means.
We can stop the analysis there.
A significant omnibus F demands further analysis of the data.
Which differences between the means are real and which are not?

23. Analytical Comparisons
There are two basic approaches to solving the problem.
Before we set out to collect the data, we could have made specific predictions about the direction of the effects
In this case we can use a technique known as planned (a priori) comparisons.
We might have designed an experiment where we couldn't be precise enough to say what the differences would be.
In this case we use post hoc (after the event) comparisons.

24. Planned (A Priori) Comparisons
For example, assume the three levels of the independent variable are lecturer style:
A1: Lectures with worksheets.
A2: Lectures only.
A3: No lectures, only worksheets.
From previous research, we anticipate that A1 > A2, A1 > A3 (we are making no predictions about A2 vs A3).
Does the data support this?

25. Differences as the sum of weighted means
Let us adopt the symbol y to represent the difference we are interested in:
Y = mA1 – mA2
We can rewrite this as:
Y = (1) mA1 +(–1) mA2
Including all the means in the experiment:
Y = (1) mA1 +(–1) mA2 +(0) mA3

26. Sum of Squares for a planned comparison
Planned comparisons are based on the calculation of an F-ratio.
This requires us to calculate the variability inherent in the comparison
We calculate a sum of squares associated with the comparison. This is given by:

27. Sum of Squares of a planned comparison
The sum of squares of the comparison is given by

28. Testing the planned comparison
A F ratio is calculated to test the comparison. For this a mean square is required.
The mean square for the comparison is calculated by:
All planned comparisons have on 1 degree of freedom.
The F-ratio is calculated by:

29. Evaluating the planned comparison’s null hypothesis
Critical F's for comparisons use the degrees of freedom for the numerator and the denominator of the F-ratio.
There are 1 and 12 degrees of freedom for this comparison.
Fcritical(1, 12) for p≤0.05=4.75
Given that Fobservedl=14.29, we can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that A1 (lectures with worksheets) leads to better scores than A2 (lectures only).

30. Next Week
Post hoc comparisons
Testing the assumptions that underlie ANOVA
Two computer programs for analysing a one-way between groups analysis of variance