1. Egyptian Civilization
Mr. Lee
World History *

2. Objectives 2.2 / 4.1 Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt
Summarize the effects of geography on the development of Egyptian culture
Explain how Egypt united into a kingdom
Explain why Egypt declined and was conquered by the Hykos
Identify key developments during the New Kingdom that led Egypt to become an empire *

3. Ancient Egyptian History Unification / Dynasties Begin
Periods
Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
3900 B. C. E.
Unification / Dynasties Begin
3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom
2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom
2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom
1550 – 1070 B. C. E. *

4. A View of Egypt by Satellite*

5. The Fertile Nile Valley
Nile River—4,100 miles long and flows northward into the Mediterranean
Lower Egypt→ contains the Nile delta region—broad, marshy area of land formed by deposits of silt (fertile black mud) *

6. The Annual Flooding of the Nile
Environmental benefits:
-predictable
-transportation
-Surrounded by vast areas of desert—acted as natural barriers
Environmental challenges:
Forced Egyptians to live on small portion of land
Limited cultural diffusion
Drought could cause starving / too much rain could destroy homes and farms *

7. Unification of Egypt
Narmer—recent evidence suggests he was the first king to rule a unified Egypt—conquered Lower Egypt circa 3000 B.C.
In ancient tradition, Menes (the Scorpion King) was believed to be the first to rule an unified Egypt
2920 B.C.—Egyptian date for foundation of the first dynasty
Palette of Narmer, 3000 B.C.—tells the tale of Narmer’s conquest of Lower Egypt (used to prepare cosmetics) . *

8. Pharaohs—god-kings
Ancient Egypt→ theocracy: government in which rule is based on religious authority
Pharaohs controlled religion, the army, and the government
Well-being of the kingdom depended on the pharaoh *

9. Building the Pyramids: Centuries of Innovation*

10. *

11. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
Djoser’s royal tomb became a model for later
pharaohs—architect (& high priest) Imhotep designed the world’s first pyramid & started a revolution in tomb design using cut granite
Link to video segment on Djoser
Stepped pyramid for pharaoh Djoser (2,650 B.C.)— Djoser is the first pharaoh to be worshipped as a god *

12. Imhotep: Famous Architect of Djoser’s Pyramid*

13. Red Pyramid: Important Step Forward in Design
Built by pharaoh Snafu (circa 2,575 B.C.)
Movement towards true pyramid shape—sloped smooth sides (this is the pharaoh’s 3rd pyramid he built trying to achieve perfection) *

14. Glimmering in the Sun: White Limestone Covered Inner Core of the Pyramids*

15. Great Pyramid at Giza
Great Pyramid at Giza is one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World—only one still standing
Ka: the eternal life force
Pharaoh’s ka remains alive after death—must have its needs and pleasures met
Old Kingdom pharaohs had pyramids built as their resting place after death *

16. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops in Greek)
(facts about the Great Pyramid) *

17. Pyramid & Sphinx of Khafre(son of Khufu)
Khafre, Khufu's son, built beside his father's pyramid. His is the smaller pyramid, but as it is built on higher ground, and has a slightly steeper angle, it appears the larger. The Great Sphinx crouches beside Khafre's Valley Temple---consists of the king's head, 22 times life-sized, perched on a massive lion's body.
worlds-oldest-statue#the-great-sphinx-is-the-worlds- oldest-statue *

18. Pyramid & Sphinx of Khafre *

19. Pyramids at Giza—built over an 80 year period
Great Pyramid—made of granite and limestone taken from quarries Each block weighed at least 2.5 tons and there are 2 millions blocks used—fitted together with exact precision Pyramids reflected the power of ancient Egypt Economic strength and technological advancement needed to support these massive public works projects
The orientation of the pyramids runs east to west—connects the pharaoh to the rising and setting sun *

20. Foundation of their culture
Egyptian Religion:
Foundation of their culture *

21. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Osiris Isis Horus
Underworld
Magic
Pharaoh
voicethread.com/share/681436 *

22. Preparations for the Underworld
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit *

23. Materials Used in Mummification
1. Linen Natron 2. Sawdust Onion 3. Lichen Nile Mud 4. Beeswax Linen Pads 5. Resin Frankinsense *

24. Preparation for the Afterlife*

25. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.
Egyptian Mummies
Seti I B. C. E.
Ramses II B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E. *

26. Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. *

27. Egyptian Book of the Dead
Ancient Egyptian collection of funerary texts made up of spells and charms
Placed in tombs to aid the deceased in the next world.
Scribes produced and sold copies, often colorfully illustrated, for burial use.
Believed to have 200 chapters but none of the surviving copies are complete *

28. Egyptian Book of the Dead*

29. The Final Judgment
Anubis Horus Osiris *

30. The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife*

31. The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life*

32. Ancient Egyptian Society*

33. Papyrus → Paper
Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant *

34. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols*

35. The Rosetta Stone Champollion—decoded hieroglyphics
Discovery of this stone by French soldiers in 1799 led to the deciphering of hieroglyphics *

36. Egyptian Social Hierarchy*

37. Egyptian Nobility *

38. Egyptian Priestly Class*

39. Egyptian Scribe *

40. Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class Homes
Peasant Homes *

41. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life*

42. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine*

43. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves”
Mirror
Perfume
Whigs *

44. Egyptian Medicine
Became masters of human anatomy and healing mostly due to the extensive mummification ceremonies- --involved removing most of the internal organs including the brain, lungs, pancreas, liver, spleen, heart and intestine (put in Canopic jars to dry out and then the organs were put back in the body)
The Egyptians had (and this is an understatement) a basic knowledge of organ functions
Knowledge of anatomy branched into many other medical practices, such as treating fevers and wounds, healing broken bones, surgical procedures *

45. Egyptian Math & Draftsmanship1 10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
What number is this?
System of numbers—used especially for the collecting of taxes *

46. Egyptian Technology
Calendar system---solar year (365 days)—very accurate prediction of the Nile flooding—based on astronomy
Irrigation and canals
Geometry—used to build pyramids and monuments—advanced engineering/problem solving skills
First use of cut stone and columns *

47. The New Kingdom: B.C.
(4.1) *

48. Invaders Rule Egypt
The Hykos—invaders from Palestine conquered Egypt using their advanced weaponry, especially chariots
Egypt had been weakened by internal warfare and poor rulers
Hebrews—move into the region around B.C. settling in Egypt with the Hykos *

49. Rise of the New Kingdom
Strong, warlike pharaohs came to power in Egypt and eventually expelled the Hykos around B.C.
Bronze weapons and chariots made Egypt a great power—strong army—became conquerors establishing an empire
According to t he Old Testament, the Hebrews remained in Egypt and were enslaved *

51. Hatshepsut—Make Trade, Not War
Woman who declared herself pharaoh while ruling for her young stepson
Encouraged trade—sent ships down the Red Sea to trade with East Africa
Her tomb walls reveal the glories of her reign (a recently discovered mummy is believed to be her)
Stepson Thutmose III tried to erase her memory from history—may have murdered her *

52. The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
B. C. E. *

53. Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs of the New Kingdom
Tutankham en B. C. E.
Thutmose III B. C. E.
Ramses II B. C. E. *

54. Thutmose III—Empire Builder
Warlike ruler
Conquered the areas of Palestine and Syria
Contact with other cultures brought wealth and new ideas (cultural diffusion)
Egypt reaches the height of its power and influence

55. The Valley of the Kings
New Kingdom pharaohs were grand builders— elaborate temples and great palaces (“pharaoh” means “great house”)
Grand tombs were built under desert cliffs in the remote Valley of the Kings—good location for security and peace in afterlife *

56. Akhenaton: First Monotheist?
B. C. E.
Shows ideal home life of the pharaoh with the sun disk shining on them
He and his wife Nefertiti started a practice of monotheism — worshipped the sun disc god over all others, and seem to have outlawed their subjects' polytheistic devotion — threatened Egypt's priesthood and ensured they would have no shortage of powerful enemies. *

57. Queen Nefertiti
Royal wife of Akhenaton—some scholars argue she was responsible for instituting the monotheistic religion and may have had a hand in the boy king Tutankhamen’s death
Controversial long-necked Queen of legendary beauty---this famous bust represents the changes in art that Akhenaton instituted during his reign—much more realistic, not rigid, real portrait *

58. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Discovered the tomb of Tutankhamen (Akhenaton’s son)
Tomb was undisturbed and contained all of its riches *

59. King Tutankhamen's Death Mask
Tutankhamun married Ankhesenpaaten, his half sister, the third daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti---he died at age 18/19
tut#king-tut
B. C. E. *

60. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb*

61. Ramses II—Great Builder
Preserved his memory through monumental building
Constructed a temple to Amon-Re at Karnak complete with enormous statues of himself
Built a major temple carved into the red limestone at Abu Simbel
Temple of Karnak— Ramses II additions

62. Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II
B. C. E. *

63. Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age!
Mystery as to who the “Sea Peoples” were, but they caused great destruction
Egypt never fully recovered from these invasions after 1150 B.C.
Egypt culture continued to greatly influenced the powers that came to dominate the region, such as Libya and Nubia (south of Egypt where the Nile divides)
The end of the Bronze Age! *