1. Year 11 Physics

2. Fear of Radiation Many people are worried about being exposed to radiation, however, not all radiation is harmful and some radiation is essential to sustain life.

3. Harmful Radiation Harmful radiation is called ionising radiation because it has enough energy to remove electrons from an atom creating a highly reactive ion (sometimes called a free radical) For electromagnetic radiation to be ionising it must have a frequency above 1.2 × 10 16 Hz

4. The electromagnetic spectrum *

5. Measuring Radiation Exposure There are three methods used for measuring radiation exposure. 1. Absorbed Dose - measured in grays (Gy) 2. Dose Equivalent - measured in sieverts (Sv) 3. Effective Dose – measured in sieverts (Sv)

6. The Effects of Radiation Somatic (short-term effects) These occur when ordinary body cells are damaged Long-term effects These include cancers that take a many years to develop Genetic effects These occur when cells in the reproductive organs are damaged and can cause genetic changes (mutations) in babies.

8. The Effects of Radiation

10. Putting it into Perspective The average annual exposure to background radiation in Australia is 2 mSv. Coffee and alcohol are known to cause genetic defects (not due to radiation). The risk of genetic damage from 2 mSv is equivalent to... 84 cups of coffee per year 45 mL of alcohol per year

11. Putting it into Perspective The older someone is when they conceive a child the greater the risk of genetic defects. The increased risk associated with receiving the average annual radiation dose in Australia is the same as the increased risk of conceiving a child when the mother is 10 days older.

12. Putting it into Perspective The carcinogen benzpyrene occurs in air pollution and in foods such as bacon, fish, cabbage and many others. The risk of cancer caused by the average annual radiation dose in Australia is equivalent to the risk associated with the intake of 40 µg of benzpyrene, which the average person in Britain takes in every three-and-a-half days