1. www.aic.gov.au Australian Government Australian Institute of Criminology Drugs, Alcohol and Crime: A study of juvenile detainees Jason Payne ‘AIJA Youth Justice and Child Protection Conference’ Hobart, Monday 3 April 2006

2. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au The DUCO study Funded by the Australian Government Attorney General’s Department under the National Illicit Drug Strategy (NIDS). Third component of the DUCO study: Males 2001; Females 2003; Juveniles 2004. Aim: to investigate the link between drugs and crime. Data collection: interviewer administered self-report questionnaire.

3. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au The analysis Sample: 371 juvenile detainees aged between 11-17 from across all Australian States and Territories in 2004. The juveniles were asked to nominate up to four offences which led to the current period of detention – remand or sentence. These offences were used to classify offenders on the basis of aggregate offence categories. The following presentation is based on an analysis of three juvenile offender groups: Violent-only offenders Property-only offenders Violent and property offenders.

4. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Current offence (%) Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

5. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Sample characteristics AllViolent Violent and Property Property % Male93899496 Mean Age15.816.115.815.6 % Indigenous59465571 % Still in school24271726 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2005 [computer file]

6. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Offending characteristics Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2005 [computer file] AllViolent Violent and Property Property % Prior detention50435055 % Regular property88839289 % Regular violent36454224 First property offence10.911.011.110.7 First violent offence12.713.112.412.6

7. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Alcohol use (%) Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

8. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Cannabis use (%) Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

9. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Amphetamine use (%) *Statistically significant at p<0.05 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

10. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Ecstasy use (%) *Statistically significant at p<0.05 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

11. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Summary – Offending and Drug Use On the basis of current offences, one third of juveniles were in detention for violent offences only, one third for property offences only, and the remaining one third for both property and violence. In terms of demographic profile, the only significant difference between the groups was that property-only offenders were more likely to identify as Indigenous. Around half of the juveniles in detention had been in detention on at least one other occasion. There was no difference by current offence type. Offence specialisation was rare, most violent-only offenders self- reported regular property offending. One in four property-only offenders were regularly engaged in violent offences.

12. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Summary – Offending and Drug Use Almost all juveniles in detention have used alcohol and 90% had used alcohol in the last six months. More than 90% of juveniles had used cannabis and more than 80% had used cannabis in the last six months. Half of the juveniles had used amphetamine and 40% had used amphetamine in the last six months. Amphetamine and ecstasy use was more prevalent amongst juveniles who are currently in detention for violent offences. Juveniles detained for both violent and property offences were the group most frequently reporting hard drug use.

13. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Intoxicated at time of offending* (%) *Statistically significant at p<0.05 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

14. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Intoxicated at time of offending (%) *Statistically significant at p<0.05 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

15. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Sick or hurting from lack of drugs* (%) *Statistically significant at p<0.05 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

16. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Lifetime impact of drugs on offending* (%) *Statistically significant at p<0.05 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

17. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Lifetime impact of drugs on offending* (%) *Statistically significant at p<0.05 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

18. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Risk Factors (%) *Statistically significant at p<0.05 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

19. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Risk Factors (%) *Statistically significant difference between charge status, at p<0.05 Source: Australian Institute of Criminology, DUCO Juvenile Survey, 2004 [computer file]

20. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Summary – Links and Risk Factors Two in three juveniles reported being intoxicated by alcohol or drugs at the time of their most recent offences. Violent-only offenders were more likely to be intoxicated by alcohol than property-only offenders. One in five juveniles report being sick or hurting from the lack of drugs. More than 70% of juveniles reported that drugs and alcohol had an impact on their lifetime offending.

21. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Summary – Links and Risk Factors Nearly one in three juveniles had parents who were using drugs. More than half had been expelled from school and one in three were skipping school on a regular basis. One in three juveniles reported being physically abused and one in four were emotionally abused while growing up.

22. Australian Institute of Criminology www.aic.gov.au Summary – Final Thoughts Studies have shown that well conceptualised intervention programs for juvenile offenders that take place in the community, working with families and through real issues have a far greater chance of changing behaviour than most custodial programs (Atkinson 1997). There is little evidence that incarceration reduces the levels or frequency of substance abuse (Putnins 2001). Juvenile justice interventions must take account of the variety of different problems faced by juvenile offenders, including, but not limited to substance use (Wei, Makkai and McGregor 2003).

23. www.aic.gov.au Australian Government Australian Institute of Criminology Drugs, Alcohol and Crime: A study of juvenile detainees Jason Payne ‘AIJA Youth Justice and Child Protection Conference’ Hobart, Monday 3 April 2006