1. Unit 8: 1945-1980 Senor Escoba

2. The USSR in Eastern Europe Soviet Union wants a demilitarized Germany Soviet Union wants a buffer zone to its West to prevent a future Germany attack Soviet Union sets up pro-Soviet Union puppet governments in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania

3. Growing Mistrust Truman wants to halt communism Stalin declares there can be no lasting peace between capitalism and communism George F. Kennan – US diplomat to Russia that declares that US should have long term firm stance against communism Containment – policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stop communist expansion

4. The Iron Curtain March 1946 – Churchill and Truman go to Westminster College in Missouri Churchill declares that Stalin has open an “iron curtain” over the Eastern half of Europe June 1946 – Truman offers to destroy nuclear weapons if Soviets stop trying to make them Soviets reject it Atomic Energy Commission created to research nuclear energy and weaponry

5. Truman Doctrine US fears Western Europe will call to communism Disease, famine, & rise of communist governments Greece & Turkey given $400 million to improve to stay out of Soviet Union Truman Doctrine – aid to those in need and ultimate holy war against the godless Soviet Union

6. International Involvement Harry Truman: International Man of Mystery National Security Act of 1947 Armed forces fall under a single Department of Defense (DoD) National Security Council (NSC) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) European Recovery Plan – “Marshall Plan” – direct financial support Europe Only Western Europe accepts

7. German Showdown Potsdam Agreement – 1945 – Divides Germany into 4 regions (FR, GB, USA, Soviets) Berlin Split into 4 as well Western German regions start to join together Stalin stops all rail and road traffic to Berlin from Western Germany in June 1948 Berlin Airlift Blockade ends in May 1949

9. German Showdown May 1949 – Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) is created April 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed from ten Western Europe with USA & Canada German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is created 1955 – Warsaw Pact formed with a number of Eastern European countries and Soviet Union

10. Cold War in Asia Gen. MacArthur in charge of post WWII Japan Occupation of Japan ends in 1952 Truman unable to stop communist forces in China Mao Zedong wins Non communist forces flea to Taiwan

11. Communist China People’s Republic of China (PRC) Red China Americans fear the “fall” of China Some claim that the US should be more concerned with Europe rather than Asia

12. Truman on Communism Culture at home changed by atomic weapons Bunkers “Duck and cover” Nov. 1952 – Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) dropped in Pacific on Bikini Atoll 1,000 times more powerful than an atomic weapon Effort to prove Truman was tough on communism

13. Truman on Communism National Security Paper 68 – notes Soviet aggressive military intentions Recommends increase in nuclear arsenal Increase CIA activity Advises Truman to resist communism anywhere and everywhere

14. Korean War Post WWII – Korean peninsula split and half by US & Soviet Union (North was pro-Soviet) June 25, 1950 – North Korea attacks South Korea Truman feels aggression must be stopped to be firm against communism UN approves “police action” to preserve South Korean border US & South Korean troops pushed back very far in start of war US landing by Gen. MacArthur helps push back North Korea forces Advances towards Chinese border… …and China fights back

16. Korean War Friction between Gen. MacArthur & Truman Truman – negotiate surrender and preserve South Korea MacArthur – full blown war against China Limited war continues and armistice reached in July 1953 Effects Increased military spending Precedent of undeclared war (Truman DID NOT ask congress) North & South Korea

17. Truman Administration at Home (1945-1952) Troops from WWII come home Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 – “GI Bill” Aimed to prevent post-war recession Soldiers could get preferred treatment at jobs, unemployment benefits, and low interest government loans Government payment for 4 years of college or job training

18. Truman Administration at Home (1945-1952) Economic boom following WWII Employment Act of 1946 Prices increase as demand exceeds supply (Truman gets rid of OPA regulations) Taft-Hartley Act -1947 - barred closed shop practices Republican controlled congress

19. Election of 1948 Southern Democrats become the “Dixiecrats” and form the States Rights Party Leftwing Democrats and communists form Progressive Party (the sequel) Truman wins!

20. Fair Deal Fair Deal – agenda from 1949 that focused on civil rights, national health-care legislation, and federal aid to education Funding reliant upon the economy continuing to grow (More people paying taxes)

21. The Second Red Scare Democrats are called “soft” on communism Federal Employee Loyalty Program – people could be fired if associated in “subversive” organizations House Un-American Activities Committee – 1947 – held hearings to expose communist influence in average American life Dennis v. United States, 1951 – Congress could censor freedom of speech if national security called for it

22. McCarthyism Alger Hiss & Whittaker Chambers incident Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – found guilty of committing espionage connected to the Manhattan Project June 1953 – Both executed Feb. 1950 – Senator Joseph McCarthy claims to have 200+ communists working in the State Department

23. McCarthyism McCarthy would hold hearings and call out people McCarthy would get approval from Republican Party Democrats too afraid to call out McCarthy in fear they will look like communists McCarran Internal Security Act – required organizations labeled communists by attorney general to register with Dept. of Justice

24. Election of 1952 Truman becomes too unpopular for reelection (Korea) Republicans choose Dwight D. Eisenhower & Richard Nixon as VP Democrats choose Gov. Adlai Stevenson & John Sparkman Republicans win presidency and congress

25. Downfall of Joseph McCarthy Pres. Eisenhower hates McCarthy but understands usefulness of anti- communism as a Republican tool Eisenhower would allow McCarthy to mess himself up 1954 –McCarthy accuses the US Army of harboring communists Army-McCarthy hearings on television June 1954 – McCarthy censured

26. Eisenhower Foreign Policy John Foster Dulles – Sec. of State Promotion of “brinksmanship” – hold out against communism even if war was possible CIA actions to have coup to overthrow Iranian government Wanted an oil-rich nation ally Stop possible friendship with Soviet Union CIA involved in Philippines & Guatemala

27. Third World Problems Pres. Eisenhower supports the French in Vietnam Suez Crisis Eisenhower Doctrine – proclamation that the US would sent military aid and possibly send troops to Middle East nation to stop against “Communist aggression” 1959 – Fidel Castro overturns dictatorship in Cuba Soviets back up Cuba

28. Third World Problems Cuba Nikita Khrushchev threatens use of atomic weapons if US intervenes in Cuba May 1, 1960 – U2 Spy plane shot down over Soviet Union Pilot Displayed on television Eisenhower Legacy Warns of military-industrial complex

29. Industrial Society Huge defense spending (Half of federal budget) Huge military-industry complex Officials in government want funding to companies in their area More scientific advancements become government funded Electricity and gasoline consumption rapidly increase

30. Early “Computers” Early computers were based around government projects ENIAC Silicon Valley forms around Stanford University in 1950s Research Triangle Park in NC

31. Development of Business Consolidation becomes common in big industries Multinational companies Conglomerates – merging of companies that are in unrelated industries Technology in farming common 1962 – Silent Spring – Rachel Carson 1956 – White-collar employees outnumber blue-collar

32. Suburban America Installment payments common New models of cars come out on regular basis Massed produced Levittowns in several northeast states 1950s – 20 million people move to suburbs from city Sunbelt – South and West grow in population and industry rapidly

34. Suburban America Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 President Eisenhower impressed by German autobahn Highways would supply ease of military and civilian movement Funding would come from taxes on gasoline tire, bus, and trucking Interstates would spur a number of industries

37. Baby Boom! Baby-Boom Generation – those born between 1946-1964 Return to “normal” after war Economic prosperity Advancements in medicine Women move towards childcare at home Education system encouraged this!

38. Baby-Boom!

39. Religion in the 50s Billy Graham – evangelist that promoted religious salvation Many religious evangelists also promote anticommunism sentiment Church attendance increased between 1945 – 1960 Evangelical fundamentalism “IN GOD WE TRUST” – 1945 “One nation under God” 1954 http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/ Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx

40. Television Culture 1946 – 18,000 households have a television 1960 – Nine of 10 households had at least one television 3 main radio networks take over television (ABC, CBS, and NBC) I Love Lucy – Surprisingly controversial

41. Television Culture Transition into advertising culture on television Early television promoted stereotypes (gender and race) Revolutionizes the political life of American people Millions now hear politicians speak on television

42. Other America ¼ Americans lived below the poverty line in 1950s “White flight” – whites leave urban centers and move to the suburbs Urban slums Large increase in immigration to US from Mexico Native American economic struggles

43. Early Civil Rights Movement Integration of professional baseball with Jackie Robinson in 1947 Violence in South in 1946 President’s Committee on Civil Rights – Late 1946 – Harry Truman organized the committee To Secure These Rights

44. Early Civil Rights Movement Truman Era Morgan v. Virginia Shelley v. Kraemer Eisenhower Era Chief Justice Earl Warren Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka – Separate but equal is NOT equal “with all deliberate speed” Southern Manifesto – signed by Southern representatives in Congress going against Brown

45. Little Rock & Civil Rights Act ‘57 Sept. 1957 – Little Rock Nine Incident Little Rock school board accepted desegregation Arkansas Gov. Orval E. Faubus mobilizes the state’s National Guard to block action Pres. Eisenhower uses National guard to enforce desegregation Civil Rights Act of 1957 –creates permanent commission on civil rights Not much of a force

46. Montgomery Protests Dec. 1, 1955 – Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of the bus, in violation of ordinance Arrest sparks outrage Montgomery Improvement Association choose Martin Luther King as leader of bus boycott Buses forced to desegregate a year later

47. Dr. King Minister Philosophy of civil disobedience Nonviolence Direct action rather than legal action Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

48. New Tactics Sit-ins and other tactics used on a regular basis Greensboro, NC lunch counter Often faced physical intimidation and violence Freedom Riders – Spring 1961 Organized by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Face violence throughout their trip in the South

49. New Tactics Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Focus on nonviolent civil disobedience Assist in local government action

50. Sputnik October 4, 1957 – Sputnik becomes first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth US tries to launch satellite in December and fails July 1958 – National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) created National Defense Education Act – 1958 Direct funding to higher education

51. Rock-and-Roll Culture New generation dressed and acted differently (duh.) Rhythm and blues meet a heavy beat and help create rock-and-roll Elvis Presley – “radical” form of singing and dancing American Bandstand

52. The Beats Beats – group of nonconformist writers who went against conformity, religion, and family values

53. JFK- John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy (JFK) – elected to House of Representatives in 1946 Elected to Senate in 1952 Reelected to Senate in 1958

54. Election of 1960 Democratic candidate – John F. Kennedy Youth and confidence Republican candidate – Richard M. Nixon Experience and connection to Pres. Eisenhower First televised debate between candidates Television viewers – generally agree Kennedy won Radio listeners – generally agree it was a draw

55. Kennedy’s Domestic Policy “New Frontier” campaign Often blocked by Republicans and Southern Democrats Kennedy calls for increase defense spending Claims Eisenhower relied on nuclear weapons too much Forms Special Forces (Green Berets) Space Race funding Cuts in corporate taxes 1963 – Clean Air Act

56. Cold War Kennedy April 1961 – Bay of Pigs incident Attempt to start revolution to overthrow Castro Kennedy DOES NOT provide air cover Invasion unsuccessful August 1961 – Berlin wall goes up

57. Cuban Missiles Crisis October 1962 – Soviet Union built bases for intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) US “quarantine” on Cuba Attempt to stop delivery of more missiles US military build up in Florida Oct. 25, 2014 – Khruschev promises to move missiles as long as US pledges to never invade Cuba Later deal includes US removal from missiles in Turkey

59. Kennedy Assassination Nov. 22, 1963 – JFK assassinated in Dallas Texas Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President Lee Harvey Oswald arrested Lee Harvey Oswald later assassinated by Jack Ruby

64. Kennedy Legacy Many point out a mixed record with JFK Expansion of presidential powers Questions in regards to List of accomplishments Space Race spending NOT welfare spending US involvement in Vietnam

65. Civil Rights Movement - Birmingham 1963 – Dr. King notes that the racial struggle needs to be shown to the American public as a whole Dr. King leads nonviolent marches, sit-ins, and pray-ins in Birmingham Alabama Conflict with “Bull” Connor and Birmingham Police Dr. King arrested and writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

66. Civil Rights Movement - Birmingham May 1963 – “Bull” Connor uses violence against protestors in Birmingham Kennedy holds his ground against Gov. Wallace and forces desegregation at Univ. of Alabama Sept 1963 – Ku Klux Klan bombing of Birmingham church kills 4 girls

67. March on Washington, DC - 1963 250,000 + march in DC for Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech

68. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 – banned racial discrimination and segregation in public accommodations Banned bias in federal funded programs Federal government gets power to end segregation in schools Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to stop job discrimination Voting was NOT addressed

69. Civil Rights Movement – Voting Rights African Americans pushed the national Democratic party establishment Civil Rights marches in Selma, Alabama attacked Public outrage in support of voting rights bill Voting Rights Act of 1965 – banned all tests or device used to deny a person to vote based on race Poll taxes, literacy tests, etc.

70. Civil Rights Reaction Racial rights acknowledged by government Racial equality didn’t necessarily happen Rioting occurs in various areas of the US Los Angeles, CA Detriot, MI MLK assassinated in 1968

71. Black Power Growing sense that equality should be reached through coercion Malcolm X “If ballots won’t work, bullets will.” Nation of Islam / Black Muslim faith – self- discipline, self-respect, BUT rejection of integration Called for separation from white race Cassius Clay converts and becomes Muhammad Ali Malcolm X assassinated

72. Black Power Black Panther Party of Self-Defense founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale Sponsored community centers and school breakfast Paramilitary style and actions

73. Expansion of Equality Native American Activism Great poverty in and out of reservations American Indian Movement – founded in 1968 Hispanic Americans Immigration Act of 1965 – Abolished the national-origins quotas 1920s Cesar Estrada Chavez Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 – outlawed hiring of undocumented immigrants AND legal status to aliens who had lived in US for 5 years

74. Expansion of Equality Asian American Political Alliance

75. Kennedy to LBJ

76. Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) Great Society - “Abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice” War on Poverty

77. Election of 1964 LBJ – Democrat – Great Society Plan Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona Goes against government intervention Claimed no win situation in Cold War Landslide LBJ victory

78. Election of 1964

80. Great Society 2: Electric Boogaloo Medicare – Provide health insurance for the aged under social security Medicaid – health plan for the poor and less fortunate Aid for Appalachia to help improve living conditions

81. Liberalism Warren Court Miranda v. Arizona – police must advise suspects of their right to remain silence

82. Early Vietnam Involvement Truman – increased assistance for French army fighting the Vietminh led by Ho Chi Minh Domino Theory – theory that if Vietnam fell to communism then all of Asia would June 1954 – CIA puts Catholic Ngo Dinh Diem as anticommunist leader of South Vietnam National Liberation Front - Vietcong

83. Kennedy & Vietnam Kennedy would increase involvement in the Vietnam US forces used napalm bomb would burn anything needed Move poor farmers out of areas Move Vietcong out of hiding areas JFK – Could have choose to increase US combat involvement JFK – Withdraw and seek negotiated settlement

84. LBJ in Vietnam President Johnson escalated war Vietcong attempt to outlast the US rather than simply wipeout the US 1964 – Johnson authorizes Pentagon to prepare air strikes into North Vietnam August 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin incident LBJ does not admit US Navy involved in covert raids Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

85. LBJ in Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution changes the war completely “Blank check” 1964 – LBJ states that he would not send troops into Vietnam or bomb Vietnam (For his election) Early 1965 – “Operation Rolling Thunder” Bombing into North Vietnam No negotiation from North Vietnam

86. LBJ in Vietnam Bombing not effective in forcing a truce LBJ changes strategy in an attempt to maximize communist casualties Feeling that superiority in weapons and numbers would mean victory Troop increase would match that of US

87. Homefront TV coverage War demonstrations ‘67 – Sen. Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King support antiwar protests College deferments 80% of those who fought in Vietnam came from poor or working-class family “Hawks” – “Hell No, We Won’t Go” “Doves” – “America, Love It or Leave It”

89. Tet Offensive Tet Offensive – Jan. 31 of 1968 (First day of Vietnamese New Year) Major attacks on US and South Vietnamese forces Military victory – South Vietnam does NOT fall Public defeat – media reports initially report success of offensive

90. Post-Tet Offensive Politics LBJ gets pressure from Democratic party from Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy March 31, 1968 – Johnson announces that he will NOT seek reelection Seeks peace negotiations LBJ died day of signing of Paris Peace Accords to end war in Jan 1973

91. Nixon’s War Richard Nixon (Rep.) elected Pres. In 1968 Detente – Reduced tensions between US and USSR (Soviet Union) Largely based on ending the Vietnam War

92. The Atrocities of War March 1968 – My Lai massacre of a village of women in children in Vietnam “Fragging” and drug use reported by American soldiers Nixon: “Peace with honor” 1. Vietnamization – replacing US troops with South Vietnamese troops 2. Secret negotiations directly with North Vietnam 3. Forced compromise with communists

93. End Game Bombing raids into Cambodia and Laos towards “Ho Chi Minh’s Trail” 1970 & 1971 – US goes into Laos and Cambodia Paris Peace Accords – Jan 1973 Ends fighting but doesn’t provide protection for South Vietnam Spring 1975 – Saigon (capital) and South Vietnam fall to communism

94. New Left Protest & Resistance “New Left” Movement – supported by Students for a Democratic Society Port Huron Statement “participatory democracy” Berkeley Free Speech Movement – sought to have a voice on college campuses Escalation of war and Jan. 1966 end of college deferments of Vietnam increase protests

95. Protest & Resistance April 1968 – SDS students forcefully take control of multiple university buildings at Columbia University Violently retaken by police Nov. 1969 -300,000 protest and March in Washington DC

96. Kent State & Jackson State Antiwar protests burn ROTC building at Kent State University in Ohio National Guardsmen called into University Guardsmen Kill 4 and wound 11 Similar situation at Jackson State in Mississippi

97. Countercultural Rebellion “Hippies” Drug use increases Marijuana LSD Musical Revolution Early 1960s – Revival of folk music 1964 – Beatles-mania Rhythm-and-blues Rolling Stones “British Invasion” Woodstock Festival Aug. 1969 in the Catskill Mountains of NY Haight District of San Francisco & NYC’s East Village Advertisers target the youth

98. Sexual Revolution Female oral contraceptive became available in 1960 More open views of sexuality Roe v. Wade -1973 – Women could have an abortion in the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy

99. Rise of Feminism (Again.) National Organization for Women (NOW) – 1966 – group that would lobby against gender discrimination and sexism Sought full participation in American society Feminine Mystique (1963) – voiced the opinion that women should establish their own personal identities as individuals

100. Women’s Liberation Movement “Women-garbage” thrown out Female publications Education Amendments Act -1972 – Title IX- education institutions that received federal money could not discriminate based on sex Equal Rights Amendment NOT passed Phyllis Schlafly Colleges become coeducational

101. Gay Liberation & Environmentalism Gay Liberation Movement Stonewall Incident Pride Parades Environmental Activism Silent Spring – 1962 Anti-nuclear Movement Three Mile Island Incident Also know yuppies and “Me Decade”

102. Conservative Resurgence Election of 1968 Republican – Richard Nixon (winner) “Silent Majority” Democrat – Hubert Humphrey American Independent – George Wallace Against upper-class and hippie movement

103. Richard Nixon Previous VP under Eisenhower Republican Suspicious of Democratic Party and…many other things… Works with Dem. Party Creates Occupational Safety & Health Admin (OSHA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

104. Apollo 11 July 1969 – Apollo 11 lands on moon Watched on tv by many Take that Soviets! BOOM. America!

105. Economic Struggles Loss of manufacturing – Jobs going overseas Inflation + Recession = “Stagflation” Nixon inconsistent on economic policy Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) raises the price of crude oil Slows American economy

106. Nixon’s Plumbers Nixon uses IRS and other Federal programs to take on his enemies FBI & CIA do various illegal activities FBI eventually tells Nixon NO when he wants to use electronic surveillance, break-ins, and plant evidence “The Plumbers” – Nixon’s close men to stop government leaks Pentagon Papers- Expose lies about Vietnam War Also know: Nixon’s Southern Strategy

107. Detente Nixon goes to Henry Kissinger as advisor Détente – reduced tensions Nixon visits China HUGE – US had not previously recognized China Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) – 5 year limitation of nuclear weapons

108. Nixon Diplomacy Nixon uses Kissinger to negotiate temporary peace after Yom Kippur War Soviet Union not involved Nixon approves money to governments that were NOT communist Even if they were horrible (South Africa, Argentina, & Brazil) Nixon uses CIA to take down Salvador Allende (Marxist President of Chile)

109. Election of 1972 Rep. – Nixon Dem. – George McGovern Perceptions of being too radical Nixon creates Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) Secret unit that Nixon uses to commit espionage against Dems CREEP members arrested at Watergate facility in June 1972 Nixon easily wins reelection

110. Watergate “Deep Throat” provides two Washington Post reporters with information on CREEP & Watergate Cover up! Special Committee On Presidential Campaign Activities investigates Nixon Nixon orders Attorney General to fire invesigator They refuse! Nixon fires them “Saturday Night Massacre”

111. Watergate VP Agnew left office in Oct. 1973 New VP is Gerald Ford (House Minority Leader) United States vs. Nixon – 1974 – Nixon forced to give tapes to investigation BUSTED! Nixon Resigns Gerald Ford becomes President

112. Economic Woes & Presidential Foes OPEC raises crude oil prices Manufacturing jobs decrease Overseas influence President Gerald Ford pardons Richard Nixon Pres. Ford – Whip Inflation Now (WIN) – voluntary price controls

113. Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter elected as Dem. In 1976 “Washington outsider” Peanut farmer and former Governor of Georgia Viewed as a liberal Democrat but somewhat moderate in reforms Alaska Lands Act

114. Carter Foreign Policy Camp David Accords – Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt Rejected by other Arab countries SALT II Treaty – limiting nuclear arsenal Dec. 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by Soviets Boycott of 1980 Olympics

115. Carter Foreign Policy Iran Islamic militant supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini storm US embassy in Tehran- Nov. 1979 April 1980 – Failed raid to rescue hostages 52 Americans captive for 444 days Released on Jan. 20, 1981 – Day Ronald Reagan becomes President Carter leaves with incredibly low approval rating