1. Comparing Time Domain Electromagnetics (TEM) and Early-Time TEM for Mapping Highly Conductive Groundwater in Mars Analog Environments Jørn Atle Jernsletten Jørn Atle Jernsletten joern@jernsletten.name http://water-on-Mars.info/ ( Abstract #P21D-06 ) ( Abstract #P21D-06 )

2. Transient Electromagnetics (TEM) ( Adapted from Zonge, 1992 ) ( Reynolds, 1997; Grant and West, 1965 )

3. Arizona TEM Line 2 Field Data Soundings sensitive to noise from high power lines along US Hwy. 86: Soundings sensitive to noise from high power lines along US Hwy. 86:  Station 50, located ~50 m from the power lines  Station 150, located ~150 m from the power lines No noise removal

4. Pima County TEM Model Data Water table at ~120 m depth (subhorizontal blue lines) Water table at ~120 m depth (subhorizontal blue lines)  Consistent with depth to water table from USGS test wells 100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core H z coil Rx antenna 100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core H z coil Rx antenna 16 Hz sounding frequency 16 Hz sounding frequency Depth of investigation ~550 m Depth of investigation ~550 m Line 1 Line 2 Aggressive noise removal

5. Mars Analog Site at Peña de Hierro – Nerva / Minas de Ríotinto, Andalucia, Spain Fernández-Remolar et al. (2003)

6. Peña de Hierro, Main Source Area A.k.a. MER-B in the Late Hesperian? Jarosite = KFe 3+ 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 Basic hydrous potassium iron sulfate Basic hydrous potassium iron sulfate Yellow-brown, brown, orange-brown Yellow-brown, brown, orange-brown Light yellow streaks Light yellow streaks Morris et al. (2004) Morris et al. (2004) Kargel and Marion (2004) Kargel and Marion (2004) Stoker et al. (2003, 2004) Stoker et al. (2003, 2004) Fernández-Remolar et al. (2003, 2004a,b) Fernández-Remolar et al. (2003, 2004a,b)

7. Peña de Hierro, Field Conditions

8. MARTE Drill Site 4 Fast-Turnoff TEM Data Water table at ~90 m depth Water table at ~90 m depth  Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #4) 40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop 40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop 32 Hz sounding frequency 32 Hz sounding frequency Depth of investigation ~100-270 m Depth of investigation ~100-270 m Line 7 Line 4 ( Adapted from Zonge, 2001 )

9. MARTE Drill Site 1 Fast-Turnoff TEM Data Water interface at ~15 m depth Water interface at ~15 m depth  Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #1) 20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop 20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop 32 Hz sounding frequency 32 Hz sounding frequency Depth of investigation ~40-60 m Depth of investigation ~40-60 m Line 15 Line 14

10. Recommended Drill Site Relocations

11. Comparisons with GPR ParameterGPRTEM Physical processWave propagationDiffusive spreading Spatial resolution Higher ( < 1 m possible ) Lower ( m – 10’s of m ) Depth of investigation m – 10’s of mm – km Sensitivity to highly conductive layers MoreLess Sounding frequencies1 MHz – 1 GHz1 Hz – 64 Hz Logistical efficiencyHigherLower Appropriate applications Shallow groundwater, near-surface clays, etc. Very deep water tables, aquifers, etc.

12. Fernández-Remolar, D. C., N. Rodriguez, F. Gómez, and R. Amils (2003), Geological record of an acidic environment driven by iron hydrochemistry: The Tinto River system, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E7), 16-1 – 16-15. Fernández-Remolar, D. C., N. Rodriguez, F. Gómez, and R. Amils (2003), Geological record of an acidic environment driven by iron hydrochemistry: The Tinto River system, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E7), 16-1 – 16-15. Fernández-Remolar, D. C., J. Gómez-Elvira, F. Gómez, E. Sebastian, J. Martíin, J. A. Manfredi, J. Torres, C. González Kesler, and R. Amils (2004a), The Tinto River, an extreme acidic environment under control of iron, as an analog of the Terra Meridiani hematite site on Mars, Planet. Space Sci., 52, 239-248. Fernández-Remolar, D. C., J. Gómez-Elvira, F. Gómez, E. Sebastian, J. Martíin, J. A. Manfredi, J. Torres, C. González Kesler, and R. Amils (2004a), The Tinto River, an extreme acidic environment under control of iron, as an analog of the Terra Meridiani hematite site on Mars, Planet. Space Sci., 52, 239-248. Fernández-Remolar, D. C., O. Prietos-Ballesteros, and C. R. Stoker (2004b), Searching for an acidic aquifer in the Rio Tinto basin, first geobiology results of MARTE project, Abstract no. 1766, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19. Fernández-Remolar, D. C., O. Prietos-Ballesteros, and C. R. Stoker (2004b), Searching for an acidic aquifer in the Rio Tinto basin, first geobiology results of MARTE project, Abstract no. 1766, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19. Grant. F. S., and G. F. West (1965), Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York. Grant. F. S., and G. F. West (1965), Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York. Kargel, J. S., and G. M. Marion (2004), Mars as a salt-, acid-, and gas-hydrate world, Abstract no. 1965, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19. Kargel, J. S., and G. M. Marion (2004), Mars as a salt-, acid-, and gas-hydrate world, Abstract no. 1965, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19. Morris, R. V., S. W. Squyres, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, P. C. Christensen, S. Gorevan, K. E. Herkenhoff, G. Klingelhöfer, R. Rieder, W. Farrand, A. Ghosh, T. Glotch, J. R. Johnson, M. Lemmon, H. Y. McSween, D. W. Ming, C. Schroeder, P. de Souza, M. Wyatt, and the Athena Science Team (2004), A first look at the mineralogy and geochemistry of the MER-B landing site in Meridiani Planum, Abstract no. 2179, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19. Morris, R. V., S. W. Squyres, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, P. C. Christensen, S. Gorevan, K. E. Herkenhoff, G. Klingelhöfer, R. Rieder, W. Farrand, A. Ghosh, T. Glotch, J. R. Johnson, M. Lemmon, H. Y. McSween, D. W. Ming, C. Schroeder, P. de Souza, M. Wyatt, and the Athena Science Team (2004), A first look at the mineralogy and geochemistry of the MER-B landing site in Meridiani Planum, Abstract no. 2179, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19. Reynolds, J. M. (1997), An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, England. Reynolds, J. M. (1997), An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, England. Stoker, C. R., L. Lemke, H. Mandell, D. McKay, J. George, J. Gómez-Elvira, R. Amils, T. Stevens, and D. Miller (2003), Mars Analog Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE): A simulated Mars drilling mission to search for subsurface life at the Rio Tinto, Spain, Abstract no. 1076, 34.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 17-21. Stoker, C. R., L. Lemke, H. Mandell, D. McKay, J. George, J. Gómez-Elvira, R. Amils, T. Stevens, and D. Miller (2003), Mars Analog Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE): A simulated Mars drilling mission to search for subsurface life at the Rio Tinto, Spain, Abstract no. 1076, 34.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 17-21. Stoker, C. R., S. Dunagan, T. Stevens, R. Amils, J. Gómez-Elvira, D. C. Fernández-Remolar, J. Hall, K. Lynch, H. Cannon, J. Zavaleta, B. Glass, and L. Lemke (2004), Mars analog Rio Tinto experiment (MARTE): 2003 drilling campaign to search for a subsurface biosphere at Rio Tinto Spain, Abstract no. 2025, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19. Stoker, C. R., S. Dunagan, T. Stevens, R. Amils, J. Gómez-Elvira, D. C. Fernández-Remolar, J. Hall, K. Lynch, H. Cannon, J. Zavaleta, B. Glass, and L. Lemke (2004), Mars analog Rio Tinto experiment (MARTE): 2003 drilling campaign to search for a subsurface biosphere at Rio Tinto Spain, Abstract no. 2025, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19. Zonge, K. L. (1992), Introduction to TEM, in Practical Geophysics II, for the Exploration Geologist, edited by R. van Blaricom, Northwest Mining Assoc., Spokane, Washington. Zonge, K. L. (1992), Introduction to TEM, in Practical Geophysics II, for the Exploration Geologist, edited by R. van Blaricom, Northwest Mining Assoc., Spokane, Washington. Zonge, K. L. (2001), NanoTEM – a very fast-turnoff TEM system, case study, Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc., Tucson, Arizona. Zonge, K. L. (2001), NanoTEM – a very fast-turnoff TEM system, case study, Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc., Tucson, Arizona. Acknowledgements & References Cited Kenneth L. Zonge, Owner and President, Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc., Tucson, Arizona Kenneth L. Zonge, Owner and President, Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc., Tucson, Arizona Carol R. Stoker, NASA Ames, Principal Investigator, Mars Analog Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE) Carol R. Stoker, NASA Ames, Principal Investigator, Mars Analog Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE)