1. Sickle Cell Anemia

7. P. falciparum – Blood stages Uninfected RBC 2 hr. 4 hr. 12 hr.

9. Malaria - Merozoite

10. Malaria and Sickle cell anemia

11. 90% of Malaria Deaths Occur Among Children Under Five Years of Age Red indicates areas where malaria transmission is thought to occur; lighter color indicates areas of limited risk. Source: WHO, 2003 Children’s Questionnaire MALARIA MODULE

12. Malaria – Geographic distribution

13. Sickle Cell Gene Severe Malaria

14. Prevalence  More than 2.5 million Americans have the trait  70,000 or more Americans have sickle cell disease  About 1,000 babies are born with the disease each year in America  In Nigeria, 1/3 population of U.S., 45,000-90,000 babies with sickle cell disease are born each year

15. Mechanism  Red blood cells (RBC)  Contain a special protein called hemoglobin (Hb)  Hb is the component that carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body  Most people have only hemoglobin type – Hb A within RBC (normal genotype: Hb AA)  Sickle Cell: HbS  S similar to A, but one structural change  Other types: HbC, HbD, and HbE

16. The Proteins of Hemoglobin A There are 4 protein subunits of Hemoglobin A There will be different forms of Hemoglobin when there is a mutation in the beta subunit. Hemoglobin A Alpha Beta

17. Medical Complications 1.pain episodes 2.strokes 3.increased infections 4.leg ulcers 5.bone damage 6.yellow eyes or jaundice 7.early gallstones 8.lung blockage 9.kidney damage and loss of body water in urine 10.painful erections in men (priapism) 11.blood blockage in the spleen or liver (sequestration) 12.eye damage 13.low red blood cell counts (anemia) 14.delayed growth

18. Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation Bone marrow transplants are the closest things possible to a cure for sickle cell anemia. Process  In bone marrow transplantation, the affected person’s bone marrow is replaced with cells containing genes for the non-sickle cell hemoglobin.  Production of healthy red blood cells starts and the sickle shaped cells are prevented. If the transplant is performed when the affected person is still young then success rates can be as high as 90- 95%.(Sickle Cell Society 2005)