1. UNIT VI O BJECT RENDERING

2. INTRODUCTION Lighting in computer graphics refers to the placement of lights in a scene to achieve some desired effect. Lighting is very important part of an image synthesis. It is used to create 3D effect by separating foreground from background. Rendering: It refers to the process of adding realism to computer graphics by adding 3D qualities such as shadows and variations in color & shade. It is the process of generating an image from a model by means of computer programs. Model may contain geometry, view-point, texture, lighting & shading information.

3. F EATURES OF RENDERING Shading : How the color and brightness of the surface varies with lighting. Texture mapping : A method of applying details to the surfaces. Shadows : The effect of an obstructing light. Soft Shadows : Varying darkness caused by partially obscured light sources. Reflection : a mirror like or a highly glossy reflection. Transparency : Sharp transmission of the light through the solid objects.

4. LIGHT MODELLING TECHNIQUES We have four modeling techniques: 1. Rasterization : It includes a scan line rendering that considers the objects in the scene & projects them to form an image with no facility for generating a point of view perspective effect. 2. Ray casting : It considers the scene as observed from a specific point of view, calculates the image based only on geometry.

5. 3.Ray tracing : It is same as ray casting but employs more advanced optimal simulation and usually uses the Monte Carlo techniques to obtain more realistic results at a speed that is often of slower magnitude. 4. Radiosity : It uses the finite element mathematics to simulate diffused spreading of light from surfaces.

6. Example

7. ILLUMINATION MODEL: An illumination model is influenced and described using a particular equation. Modeling the interaction of light with the surface of some object is known as lighting model. The contribution from the light that goes directly from the light source and is reflected from the surface is called a local illumination model. A global illumination model: It adds to a local model the light that is reflected from other surface to the current surface. A global illumination model is more comprehensive, more physically correct and produces more realistic images.

8. SHADING It is a process used in drawing for depicting levels of darkness on a paper by applying media more densely or with a darker shade for darker areas or less densely or with a lighter shades for lighter areas. It refers to a process of altering a color based on its angle to lights and its distance from lights to create a photorealistic effect. The shading is performed during the rendering process. It is an interpolation based technique that helps to understand how the angle of light sources reaches the object within a scene. The shading techniques or models are widely used in rendering objects for commercial and other applications.

9. There are four types of shadings: 1. Flat shading 2. Polygon mesh shading 3. Gouraud Shading model 4. Phong shading

10. FLAT SHADING: A flat shading is a technique used in a 3D computer graphics. It shades each polygon of an object based on angle between a polygon’s surface and the direction of the light source, their respective colors and the intensity of the light source. It is used for high-speed rendering, where more advanced shading techniques are too computationally expensive. It is a simplest shading model for a polygon known as constant shading or faceted shading.

11. This approach applies an illumination model to determine a single intensity value that is then used to shade an entire polygon and holding a value across a polygon to reconstruct its shade. The disadvantage of flat shading is that it gives faceted look to the low polygon models. A flat shading is fast and fine for prototyping and testing but is of a little value for realistic games.

12. POLYGON MESH SHADING: It determines the shade of each polygon individually. The two basic shading models for the polygon meshes take advantage of the information provided by the adjacent polygons to simulate a smooth surface.

13. GOURAUD SHADING MODEL: The Gouraud is named after Henri Gouraud. It is method used in computer graphics to simulate the differing effects of light and color across the surface of an object. It is used to achieve a smooth lighting on the low polygon surfaces without the heavy computational requirements of calculating the lighting for each pixel.

14. PHONG SHADING: Phong shading combines a model for the reflection of light from surfaces with a compatible method of estimating pixel colors using interpolation of surface normals across rasterized polygons. It is an empirical model of local illumination. Phong shading produces better results than the Gouraud shading but it is more expensive in terms of computation.

15. S HADOWS Region of darkness where light is blocked by an object. A shadow is a dark region projected on to a surface by an object that receives a light. It is used to add realism and perception of an object position in space and their relative position with respect to light source. Types of shadows are as follows: Self shadow Projected shadow Soft shadow Hard shadow

16. Self shadow: It is created when the object itself prevent the light from reaching some of its plane. Generally if the view area and the light source are coinciding then shadow is generated. Projected shadow: These shadows are created due to obstacles forming on the path in which the light travels. A projected shadow is formed when an intervening object prevents the light from reaching the other object. A projected shadow results when an intervening object prevents the light from reaching another object in the scene. Projected shadows are found by projecting all the non self hidden planes into the scene from the position of light source.

17. Soft shadow: Soft shadow are created by a single light source, and a surface may have many overlapping shadows from several light sources. It consists of umbra and penumbra. Umbra is a completely occulted region of shadow. Soft shadows appear more realistic than hard shadows so are desirable for the more realistic simulation. Hard shadow: Hard shadows are formed when an object receives light from a point light source at a very large distance. A hard shadow is termed so because of the fact that the umbra region is only region that is clearly defined on it. That is penumbra is undefined. Hard shadows are relatively easier to compute for a given object than soft shadows.

19. C OLOR MODEL The human eye is sensitive to an electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 380 and 700 nm. This radiation is known as light. Color model is an abstract mathematical model, describing the way colors can be represented. It may be represented as a tuples of numbers. Color models explains the properties or behavior of color with some particular context. There are two types of color models RGB color model CMY color model

20. RGB color model: It is generally used in computer graphics. It corresponds to Red, Green and Blue intensity settings of a color monitor. Other colors are generated by adding intensities of primary colors. For example, Yellow(1,1,0) is a combination of Red and Green. Each color is represented by a triple (R,G,B). CMY color model: It is generally used in color output on printer. The primary colors are Cyan, Magenta and Yellow. Other colors are generated by adding intensities of primary colors. For example, Cyan can be formed by adding green and blue. It means there is no red color, i.e. red color is absorbed or subtracted. Similarly Magenta absorbs Green and Yellow and removes blue.

21. ANIMATION Art of creating a moving images by using computers Applications of computer animations are games cartoon motion pictures Animation creates the illusion of movement An image is displayed on the computer screen which then quickly replaced by a new image that is similar to the previous image but slightly shifted

22. K EY FRAME V / S PROCEDURAL To produce a key frame animation, the animator creates the behavior of a model manually by using an intuitive “put that there” methodology. The animator has direct control over the positions, shapes, and motions of models at any moment in the animation. On the other hand, to produce a procedural animation the animator provides initial conditions and adjust rather abstract physical parameters, such as forces and torques, in order to control positions, shapes, and motions of models. The effect of changing a parameter value is often unpredictable in procedural animation. The animator has to run a simulation to see the result.

23. C ONSTRUCTION O F A N A NIMATION S EQUENCE A typical animation sequence is obtained using: Storyline A storyline is a sketch which are used by the action defining the motion progression as a set of basic events that must take place It comprises all the events in a story, consisting of rough sketches or it could be a list of basic idea for the motion. Object definition: An object is a participant in an action that can have some properties and bear relation with other object An object definition is given to each participant in the action defined in terms of basic shapes such as circle, arc and so on. Key Frame Specification: A key frame is a drawing that defines the starting and ending point of any smooth transition. A sequence of key frame defines which movement will be seen. Tweening: The process of generating intermediate frames between two images to give the appearance that the first image evolves smoothly into the second image.

24. M ORPHING Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and animations that changes (or morphs) one image into another through a seamless transition. Morphing is a phenomenon by which a picture smoothly transmutes into another picture. Intermediate images that bridge the transition are calculated from the source and destination images using a mathematical function. Morphing is a combination of two process: a) Cross Dissolving b) Warping

25. Cross Dissolving: It changes the image color pixel by pixel It produces intermediate images by averaging the pixel color row by row and column by column A simple morph between two similar images and same dimension and resolution can be created by cross dissolving alone Warping Warping changes the shape of the feature in an image by shifting its pixel around Warping is used to change the shape of the image. It changes the row and column values of an image pixel thus changing the actual shape of feature in an image

26. Morphing from Car into Tiger