1. Social Relations
Chapter 7

2. Outline
Introduction
Mate Choice
Mate Choice and Sexual Selection in Guppies
Mate Choice Among Scorpionflies
Nonrandom Mating Among Wild Radish
Sociality
Cooperative Breeders
Green Woodhoopoes
African Lions

3. Introduction
Behavioral Ecology: Study of social relations.
Interactions between organisms and the environment mediated by behavior.
Sociobiology: Branch of biology concerned with study of social relations.
Fitness: Number of offspring (genes) contributed by an individual to future generations.

4. Introduction
Fundamental Question:
What is male and female ?
Females produce larger, more energetically costly gametes.
Males produce smaller, less energetically costly gametes.
Female reproduction thought to be limited by resource access.
Male reproduction limited by mate access.

5. Introduction
Hermaphrodites
Exhibit both male and female function.
Charnov et.al. identified (3) conditions favoring hermaphroditic populations:
Low mobility limiting male:male competition.
Low overlap in resource demands by male and female structures.
Sharing of costs for male and female function.

6. Mate Choice
Sexual Selection
Differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in mating success.
Intrasexual Selection: Individuals of one sex compete among themselves for mates.
Intersexual Selection: Individuals of one sex consistently choose mates among members of opposite sex based on a particular trait.

7. Mate Choice and Sexual Selection in Guppies
Given a choice, female guppies will mate with brightly colored males.
Brightly colored males attract predators.
Color characteristics that have been shown to confer mating advantage:
Brightness
Number of spots
Total pigmented area

8. Mate Choice and Sexual Selection in Guppies
Endler performed natural selection study to test color pattern in guppies.
When freed from predation, average number of spots of male guppies increased.
Kodric-Brown reported reproductive success was determined by a combination of male attractiveness and dominance status.
Observed attractive males tend to be dominant, court more, and have brighter colors.

9. Mate Choice Among Scorpionflies
Adult scorpionflies (genus Panorpa) feed on dead arthropods in the forest understory.
Dead arthropod supplies are often limited.
Thornhill found that male Panorpa will take possession of, and guard, dead arthropods.
Larger males are more successful.

10. Nonrandom Mating Among Wild Radish
Wild radish flowers have both male (stamens) and female (pistils) parts, but cannot self-pollinate.
Marshall found non-random mating in wild radish populations.
Interference Competition - Aggressive or inhibitory interaction between individuals.

11. Sociality
Evolution of sociality is generally accompanied by:
Cooperative feeding
Defense of the social group.
Restricted reproductive opportunities.
Cooperation generally involves exchanges of resources or other forms of assistance.

12. Sociality
Eusociality
More complex level of sociality.
Three major characteristics:
Individuals of more than one generation living together.
Cooperative care of young.
Division of individuals into non-reproductive and reproductive castes.

13. Cooperative Breeders
Species living in groups often cooperate in rearing offspring.
What benefit do helpers gain ?
Inclusive fitness: Improve survival and reproductive rates of family members.
Inherited territory: May increase helper’s probability of future reproduction and recruiting helpers.
Kin Selection

14. Green Woodhoopoes
Ligons found green woodhoopoes live in territories defended by flocks of 2-16.
Only one pair breeds.
Exhibit strong philopatry.
Scarcity of roost cavities.
Bulk of young tend to be helpers ranging from half to full siblings.
Full siblings share an average of 50% of genes.

15. African Lions
Packer and Pusey studied cooperation among African lions in the Serengeti.
Prides of female lions include 3-6 adults, but may contain as many as 18.
Many forms of cooperation.
Kin selection and inclusive fitness.

16. African Lions
Males cooperate in territory defense.
Not always made up of close relatives.
Single males have no chance of claiming and defending a pride.
Must form coalitions with other males.
Probability of siring young depends on rank within coalition.
Reproductive success more variable in groups of 3-4 than in groups of 2.
Larger coalitions composed of relatives.

17. Review
Introduction
Mate Choice
Mate Choice and Sexual Selection in Guppies
Mate Choice Among Scorpionflies
Nonrandom Mating Among Wild Radish
Sociality
Cooperative Breeders
Green Woodhoopoes
African Lions