1. Personality Psychoanalysis The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach The Humanistic Approach The Trait Approach

2. Personality § The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “mask.” § Personality l An individual’s distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors

3. Psychoanalysis Freud’s Theory of Personality § Psychoanalysis l Freud’s theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume that our motives are largely unconscious

4. Psychoanalysis Freud’s Theory of Personality The Structure of Personality

5. § Id: Operates according to the pleasure principle l Primitive and unconscious, hidden from view l Contains basic drives § Ego: Operates according to the reality principle l Mediates the conflict between id and superego § Superego: Consists of moral ideals and conscience

6. Psychoanalysis The Structure of Personality § Pleasure Principle: l In psychoanalysis, the id’s boundless drive for immediate gratification § Reality Principle l In psychoanalysis, the ego’s capacity to delay gratification

7. Psychoanalysis Psychosexual Development §Psychosexual Stages l Freud’s stages of personality development during which pleasure is derived from different parts of the body l Oral (the first year of life) l Anal (ages 2-3) l Phallic (ages 4-6) When Oedipus complex and identification occur l Latency period (ages 7-12) l Genital (starting at puberty)

8. Psychoanalysis The Psychodynamics of Personality § Unconscious sexual and aggressive urges find acceptable forms of expression.

9. Psychoanalysis The Dynamics of Personality §To minimize the anxiety due to the conflict between the id and the superego, the ego uses defense mechanisms. l Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety by denying and distorting reality l Repression (forgetting) l Denial (ignoring) l Projection (attributing to others) l Reaction Formation (converting to its opposite) l Rationalization (making excuses) l Sublimation (channeling into acceptable outlets)

10. Psychoanalysis Freud’s Legacy Neo-Freudian Theorists §Carl Jung l Proposed the idea of a Collective Unconscious A kind of memory bank that stores images and ideas that humans have accumulated over the course of evolution §Alfred Adler l Proposed the idea of the inferiority complex and the notion that social conflicts are important in the development of personality.

11. Psychoanalysis Freud’s Legacy Neo-Freudian Theorists §Later generations considered themselves classical Freudians or expanded psychoanalysis in two directions. l One direction focused on social relationships. l The other direction enlarged the role of the ego.

12. Psychoanalysis Projective Personality Tests §Projective Tests l Allow people to “project” unconscious needs, wishes, and conflicts onto ambiguous stimuli l Rorschach A test in which people are asked to report what they see in a set of inkblots l Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A test in which people are asked to make up stories from a set of ambiguous pictures

13. Psychoanalysis Current Perspectives on Psychoanalysis §There are three major criticisms of psychoanalysis: l The theory’s portrait of human nature is too bleak. l The theory does not meet acceptable scientific standards. l Research fails to support many of its propositions.

14. Psychoanalysis Current Perspectives on Psychoanalysis §Two enduring aspects of the theory remain influential: l The view of the mind as an iceberg (i.e., the importance of the unconscious). l The analysis of defense mechanisms, which is supported throughout psychology in studies of attention, thinking, feeling, etc.

15. The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach § Cognitive Social-Learning Theory l An approach to personality that focuses on social learning (modeling), acquired cognitive factors (expectancies, values), and the person- situation interaction

16. The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Principles of Learning and Behavior §Classical Conditioning §Operant Conditioning §Stimulus Generalization §Discrimination §Extinction

17. The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Social-Learning Theory §Modeling l The social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated §Locus of Control l The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external factors §Self-Efficacy l The belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome

18. The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Perspectives on Cognitive Social-Learning Theory Reciprocal Determinism §Personality emerges from the mutual interactions of individuals, their actions, and their environments.

19. The Humanistic Approach § Humanistic Theory l An approach to personality that focuses on the self, subjective experience, and the capacity for fulfillment

20. The Humanistic Approach Carl Rogers The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers

21. The Humanistic Approach Rogers’ Theory § Unconditional Positive Regard l The acceptance and love one receives from significant others is unqualified § Conditional Positive Regard l The acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior

22. The Humanistic Approach Carl Rogers Self-Esteem l A positive or negative evaluation of the self § Self-Schemas l Specific beliefs about the self that influence how people interpret self-relevant information

23. The Humanistic Approach Self-Esteem Self-Discrepancy Theory §According to this theory, self-esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves.

24. The Humanistic Approach Abraham Maslow The State of Self-Actualization §Csikszentmihalyi studied this, based on Maslow’s writings. §A state of “flow” arises when engaging in activities demanding skill and challenge, but are not too difficult. Flow, The Optimal Experience

25. The Humanistic Approach Perspectives on the Humanistic Approach §Praise for the Humanistic Approach l For the idea that people are inherently good l For placing importance on conscious mental experience l For the idea that the self-concept is the heart of personality §Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach l For taking people’s self-report statements at face value l For being too optimistic about human nature and ignoring human capacity for evil

26. The Trait Approach The Building Blocks of Personality §Trait l A relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way §Five-factor Model l A model of personality that consists of five basic traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness

27. The Trait Approach Construction of Multi-Trait Inventories Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) l A large scale test designed to measure a multitude of psychological disorders and personality traits l Most widely used personality instrument l Now the MMPI - 2 l Used in clinical and employment settings l Easy to administer and relatively objective l Caution should be used when interpreting the responses of people from different cultures

28. The Trait Approach MMPI Score Profile Showing Clinical Scales

29. The Trait Approach Biological Roots of Personality §The “Big Five” personality dimensions were measured in 168 pairs of identical twins and 132 pairs of fraternal twins. §Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 40 to 50% genetically determined.

30. The Trait Approach Introversion and Extraversion §This is one of the most powerful dimensions of personality and is seen in infants, adults, and all over the world. §Extravert l A kind of person who seeks stimulation and is sociable and impulsive §Introvert l A kind of person who avoids stimulation and is low-key and cautious

31. The Trait Approach Perspectives: Do Traits Exist? Personality Consistency Across the Lifespan §Evidence indicates that personality is least stable during childhood. §The consistency of personality increases with age.

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