1. Governing Europe’s Marine Environment Kristine Kern University of Potsdam and IRS

2. Chart 2 of 10 Outline Governing and governability of Europe’s regional seas Elements of the governing systems of Europe’s regional seas Challenges ahead

3. Chart 3 of 10 Introduction Since the 1970s Rapid changes of Europe’s regional seas Now shaped by a combination of national, international, European, and transnational governance EU as central player; tries to balance enlargement, external relations, and regional development EU has started to develop macro-regional strategies (Baltic Sea, Danube)

4. Chart 4 of 10 Baltic Sea Before the end of the Cold War: national governance and international regime Dynamic institution-building in the early 1990s EU enlargement different implications for Nordic countries CEE countries Baltic Sea now almost internal Sea of the EU (Russia) EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (2009); first macro-regional strategy

12. Chart 12 of 10 Governing and governability of Europe’s regional seas Governing regional seas, relationship of two systems (Jentoft; Kooiman): System-to-be-governed Governing system, Systems-to-be-governed of regional seas Drainage basins Main risks to the marine environment: (i) eutrophication; (ii) toxic substances; (iii) biodiversity; (iv) maritime activities; (v) over- exploitation of marine resources Governing systems of regional seas Traditionally: international governance New forms of international, European, and transnational governance Examples: Agenda 21 processes (Baltic 21); Europeanization

13. Chart 13 of 10 Governing systems in Europe’s regional seas National Governance Considerable differences between countries National environmental institutions in the new MS Hierarchical governance limited, new forms of governance needed International Governance Helsinki Convention 1974; Barcelona Convention 1976; OSPAR Convention 1992; Bucharest Convention 1992 Action plans such as the Baltic Sea Action Plan (2007)

14. Chart 14 of 10 Governing systems in Europe’s regional seas Transnational Governanvce Degree of transnationalization varies among Europe’s regional seas More cross-border cooperation and transnational networking in the Baltic Sea and in the North Sea European Governance Europeanization through EU enlargement (conditionality) General Policies: CFP; Structural Funds; WFD; Marine Strategy Framework Directive; Integrated Maritime Policy (Maritime Spatial Planning) Regional strategies: Northern dimension; EU Strategy for the BSR (refers to HELCOM/BSAP)

15. Chart 15 of 10 Macro-regionalization in Practice No new legislation, institutions, and financial resources Tension between Europeanization and regionalization Common Fisheries Policies (RACs), Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Water Framework Directive North/South divide Horizontal interplay/interaction Triangle: EU legislation (MSFD), macro-regional institutions (such as HELCOM), and macro-regional strategies (EUSBSR) Vertical interplay/interaction Sub-nationalization and transnationalization (UBC, BSSSC)

16. EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region Baltic Sea 2009 Historical trajectory - Antagonistic cooperation during Cold War - EU enlargement Legal and institutional dimension - Driven by EU Parliament, taken over by EU Commission - HELCOM (environmental cooperation); CBSS Policy dimension Four pillars: (i) environmental cooperation; (ii) economic development; (iii) infrastructure; (iv) soft security - Action plans and flagship projects - Horizontal actions

17. Chart 17 of 10 Challenges Ahead Boundary problems Boundaries of ecosystems vs. boundaries of administrative systems (subnational governments) (Regionalization of) European Integration Horizontal Interaction and Coordination HELCOM/BSAP and Baltic 21 HELCOM/BSAP and EU policies Vertical Interaction and Coordination Intergovernmental relations within nation-states important Stronger involvement of subnational actors needed

18. Chart 18 of 10 Conclusions Elements of regional governing systems National governance systems as backbones for governing regional seas (problem in EU non-member states) International regimes, development and implementation of regional sea conventions (compliance/non-compliance) EU: Europeanization and macro-regional strategies; EU gains importance, but differences among regional seas Transnational governance; marked differences among regional seas Perspectives more horizontal and vertical integration needed Stronger focus on subnational governments needed EU as coordinator/facilitator; macro-regional strategies as next step; combination of internal and external strategies

19. Thank you for your attention ! © Wageningen UR