1. Contract Law for Paralegals: Traditional and E-Contracts © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Consideration Chapter 3

2. 11 - 2 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Consideration Consideration – something of legal value given in exchange for a promise. Consideration is a necessary element for the existence of a contract. Common types of consideration are: A tangible payment (money or property); or Performance of an act (e.g., providing legal services).

3. 11 - 3 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Consideration (continued) Consideration consists of two elements: 1. Something of legal value must be given; and 2. There must be a bargained-for exchange.

4. 11 - 4 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Legal Value Something of legal value must be given. Under the modern law of contracts, a contract is considered supported by legal value if: 1. The promisee suffers a legal detriment; or 2. The promisor receives a legal benefit.

5. 11 - 5 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Bargained-for Exchange To be enforceable, a contract must arise from a bargained-for exchange. Exchange that parties engage in that leads to an enforceable contract. Gift or gratuitous promise – an unenforceable promise because it lacks consideration.

6. 11 - 6 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved The Use of Output and Requirements Contracts in Business There are two special types of business contracts that specifically allow a greater degree of uncertainty concerning consideration: Output Contracts Requirements Contracts

7. 11 - 7 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved 7 Contemporary Business Environment Nominal Consideration Best Efforts Contracts

8. 11 - 8 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Contracts Lacking Consideration  Illegal Consideration  Illusory Promise  Moral Obligation  Preexisting Duty  Past Consideration

9. 11 - 9 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Illegal Consideration Illegal consideration – a promise to refrain from doing an illegal act. Such a promise will not support a contract.

10. 11 - 10 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Illusory Promise Illusory promise – a contract into which both parties enter, but one or both of the parties can choose not to perform their contractual obligations. Thus, the contract lacks consideration. Such promises are unenforceable.

11. 11 - 11 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Moral Obligation Promises made out of a sense of moral obligation or honor lack consideration. Moral consideration is not treated as legal consideration. Such promises are unenforceable in most states.

12. 11 - 12 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Preexisting Duty Preexisting duty – a promise lacks consideration if a person promises to perform an act or do something he or she is already under an obligation to do. The promise is unenforceable because no new consideration has been given.

13. 11 - 13 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved © 2007 Prentice Hall, Business Law, sixth edition, Henry R. Cheeseman Preexisting Duty (continued) The preexisting duty rule arises when one of the parties to an existing contract seeks to change the terms of the contract during the course of its performance. Such midstream changes are unenforceable. The parties have a preexisting duty to perform according to the original terms of the contract.

14. 11 - 14 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Preexisting Duty (continued) Sometimes a party to a contract runs into substantial unforeseen difficulties while performing his or her contractual duties. The contract can be modified and enforced without new consideration being given.

15. 11 - 15 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Past Consideration Problems of past consideration often arise when a party to a contract promises to pay additional compensation for work done in the past. Past consideration (e.g., prior acts) will not support a new contract. New consideration must be given.

16. 11 - 16 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Concept Summary: Promises Lacking Consideration Type of ConsiderationDescription of Promise Illegal considerationPromise to refrain from doing an illegal act. Illusory promisePromise where one or both parties can choose not to perform their obligation. Moral obligationPromise made out of a sense of moral obligation or honor or love or affection. Some states enforce these types of contracts. Preexisting dutyPromise based on the preexisting duty of the promisee to perform. The promise is enforceable if (1) the parties rescind the contract and enter into a new contract, or (2) there are unforeseen difficulties. Past considerationPromise based on the past performance of the promise.

17. 11 - 17 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Settlement of Claims The law promotes the voluntary settlement of disputed claims. Settlement: Saves judicial resources, and Serves the interests of the parties entering into the settlement

18. 11 - 18 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Settlement of Claims (continued) Accord – an agreement whereby the parties agree to accept something different in satisfaction of the original contract. Satisfaction – the performance of the accord. If the accord is not satisfied, the other party can sue to enforce either the accord or the original contract.

19. 11 - 19 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Promissory Estoppel Promissory estoppel (detrimental reliance) A doctrine that prevents the withdrawal of a promise by a promisor if it will adversely affect a promisee who has adjusted his or her position in justifiable reliance on the promise.

20. 11 - 20 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Promissory Estoppel (continued) For the doctrine of promissory estoppel to be applied, the following elements must be shown: 1. The promisor made a promise. 2. The promisor should have reasonably expected to induce the promisee to rely on the promise.

21. 11 - 21 Reed/Cheeseman: Contract Law for Paralegals© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved Promissory Estoppel (continued) 3. The promisee actually relied on the promise and engaged in an action or forbearance of a right of a definite and substantial nature. 4. Injustice would be caused if the promise were not enforced.