1. 5 Your Initials Pg. 287-288 Pioneer Families in the West 1790-1860

2. ID: Life is grim for pioneer families, shapes character Significance: Perpetual victims of disease, depression and premature death Unbearable loneliness haunts them, especially women Cut off from neighbors for days/weeks Lived in cramped conditions in dark cabin in middle of woods Breakdowns and madness frequent Marooned by geography –Ill-informed, superstitious, and provincial Develop self-reliant and individualistic attitude

3. Your Initials Pg. 290-291 Early Urban Life 5 1790-1860

4. ID: Increasing population, especially immigrants, begin to settle in cities. By 1860 43 cities had over 20,000 residents compared to 2 in 1790 Significance: Increasing population brings undesirable by- products –Slums, Feeble street lighting, Inadequate policing, Impure water, Foul sewage, Rats, Poor garbage disposal Adjustments made to make cities livable –Boston adds sewer systems in1823 –New York pipes in water in 1842

5. Your Initials Pg. 291-292 Reasons Immigrants come to United States 5 1790-1860

6. ID: Pre 1840 about 60,000 immigrants coming each year. About 180,000 per year coming in the 1840s, and 240,000 per year in the 1850s Significance: Europe running out of room –European population had doubled generated a “surplus” population –Many moved within Europe or went to other countries America “land of freedom and opportunity” Freedom from aristocratic castes and state church Opportunity to secure land and a “better life” America Letters –Letters send home describing America in glowing terms Richer life, low taxes, no compulsory military service, three “meat meals” per day Transoceanic steamships makes trip faster (12 days) –Still high death rates on ships b/c of cramped conditions

7. Your Initials Pg. 292-297 Irish Immigrants 5 1790-1860

8. ID: Spurred by the potato famine, approximately 2 Million immigrants arrive between 1830 and 1860 Significance: Lacking money, they settled in cities (NYC, Boston) –NYC largest Irish city in the world No red carpet treatment –Forced into city slums –Scorned by “proper” Protestant Bostonians See Catholicism as social menace –Took menial jobs –Build canals, railroads, worked as servants Hated by native workers “No Irish need apply” Resented blacks –Race riots Had to fend for themselves Used as vital cog in political machines

9. Your Initials Pg. 293,296, 298-299 German Immigrants 5 1790-1860

10. ID: 1.5 Million Germans stepped onto American soil between 1830 and 1860 Significance: Bulk are uprooted farmers displaced by crop failures and other hardships The 48ers –Strong sprinkling are political refugees –Saddened by collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848 Possessed more wealth than Irish Able to move out west most notably to Wisconsin Formed influential bloc of voters –Not as impactful as Irish because more scattered Widely shaped American life –Conestoga wagon, Kentucky Rifle and Christmas tree Isolationists Better educated that most Americans –Supported public schools and kindergarten Stimulated Art & Music Enemies of Slavery Sometimes settled in compact colonies

11. Your Initials Pg. 296-297 Nativists 5 1790-1860

12. ID: Americans who resented the growing number and influence of Immigrants and wanted to favor “native” Americans Significance: Newcomers took jobs Feared Catholic Church and Catholicism becoming an established church Wanted strict restriction of immigration and naturalization and more deportations Incidents of violent clashes

13. Your Initials Pg. 296-297 Know-Nothing Party (American Party) 5 1790-1860

14. ID: Political party of nativists formed out of the secret society the Order for the Star-Spangled Banner Significance: Wanted rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization Laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers Got name from their secret-ness –Ask them if they knew anything their response “I Know Nothing”

15. Your Initials Pg. 297-298 Samuel Slater 5 1790-1860

16. ID: Father of the American Factory System, industrial revolution Significance: Memorized plans for English textile machinery Escaped to U.S. in disguise Created first efficient American machinery for spinning thread in 1791

17. Your Initials Pg. 300-301 Cotton Gin 5 1790-1860

18. ID: Created by Eli Whitney in 1793, simple machine for separating the seed from cotton fiber Significance: Affected history of America and world almost overnight Raising cotton becomes highly profitable South becomes tied to crop “King Cotton” –Develops little manufacturing Revives slavery –Cotton so profitable that more hands are needed to pick it b/c Cotton Gin can separate it so quickly Cotton growers need more acres south and west North profits as well –Cotton flows into northern textile mills

19. Your Initials Pg. 300,303 Eli Whitney 5 1790-1860

20. ID: Inventor of the Cotton Gin and champions use of interchangeable parts. Significance: Creator of two of the most important contributions to economy of the era Failed to capitalize on Cotton Gin Interchangeable parts makes wide-scale industrialization possible Gives slavery new lease on life, making Civil War more likely Helps factories flourish in North, giving North advantage in War

21. Your Initials Pg. 303 Interchangeable Parts 5 1790-1860

22. ID: Championed by Eli Whitney, Having machines create make parts of firearms, later expanded to other industries Significance: Principle widely adopted by 1850s Ultimately became basis of modern mass- production, assembly-line methods Gives north vast industrial plant that ensures military dominance over south

23. Your Initials Pg. 303 Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 5 1790-1860

24. ID: Howe invents the sewing machine, Singer perfects it in 1846 Significance: Strong boost to northern industrialization Becomes foundation of ready-made clothing industry Drove seamstress from home to factory

25. Your Initials Pg. 303 Telegraph 5 1790-1860

26. ID: Invented by Samuel Morse in 1844, instant communication system of “talking wires” Significance: Distantly separated people in instant communication with one another Leads to demise of pony express Revolutionized news gathering, diplomacy and finance Country becoming more connected than ever

27. Your Initials Pg. 303-304 Life in Early Factories 5 1790-1860

28. ID: Manufacturing changes from small shops with master craftsman to more impersonal ownership of “spindle cities” and workers become “wage slaves” Significance: Hours were long, wages were low and meals skimpy Forced to work in unsanitary buildings that were poorly ventilated, lighted and heated Could not form unions –Considered criminal conspiracy Children especially exploited –Many under the age of 10 –Mentally blighted, emotionally starved, physically stunted and whipped in “whipping rooms” Wanted 10 hour days, tolerable working conditions and public education www.boisestate.edu: 2/11/07

29. Your Initials Pg. 305-306 Rise of Unions 5 1790-1860

30. ID: Workers in new economy realize that not working is powerful weapon, by 1830 300,000 workers were in trade unions. Significance: Organization of unions difficult due to owners bringing in strike-breakers called “scabs or rats” Commonwealth v. Hunt key Supreme Court Case victory –Unions not illegal conspiracies provided methods were “honorable and peaceful”

31. Your Initials Pg. 307 Cult of Domesticity 5 1790-1860

32. ID: Widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker. Significance: Women were wage earners until marriage and took up new work as wives and mothers Married women commanded immense moral power Made decisions that altered the character of the family

33. Your Initials Pg. 307 Lowell System; textile mills 5 1790-1860

34. ID: Run by Boston Associates, showplace factory cranked out manufactured goods much faster than they could be made by hand Significance: Offered jobs to young women “Factory Girls” worked six days a week for little pay Lowell factory –Workers were all New England Farm girls –Carefully supervised on and off the job by matrons –Escorted regularly to church from company boarding houses

35. Your Initials Pg. 307-308 Factories influence on women and families 5 1790-1860

36. ID: Roles of women and basic family structure change to adapt to more industrial society Significance: Love, not “arrangement” more frequently determined marriage Families become more closely knit and affectionate Provide emotional refuge that made the life bearable Families grow smaller –Women have more say and practice of family planning More child-centered families Good citizens raised to be independent individuals who can make own decisions on the basis of internalized moral standards Outlines of “modern family”

37. Your Initials Pg. 309 John Deere 5 1790-1860

38. ID: Inventor of the steel plow in 1837 Significance: Broke stubborn soil in mid-west Light enough to be pulled by horses Makes agriculture profitable Subsistence farming gives way to more production for the market Cash crop culture comes to west –Allows northern manufacturing to prosper Source: www.museum.state.il.us: 12/05/10

39. Your Initials Pg. 309 Cyprus McCormick 5 1790-1860

40. ID: Virginian who invents the mechanical mower-reaper Significance: Western equivalent of cotton gin Allows one man to do the work that was done by 5 Subsistence farming gives way to more production for the market Cash crop culture comes to west –Allows northern manufacturing to prosper

41. Your Initials Pg. 310-311 National Road 5 1790-1860

42. ID: Federal government begins building road from Cumberland MD to Vandalia, IL, started 1811 finished in 1852 Significance: Built by federal government Extended 591 miles Victory for western states, stimulates development Symbol of increasing need for transportation to spur economy

43. Your Initials Pg. 311-312 Steamboats 5 1790-1860

44. ID: Invented by Robert Fulton, installed a powerful steam-powered engine in the Clermont in 1807. Made trip up Hudson from NYC to Albany in 32 hours Significance: Sensational success Changes all navigable streams into two-way arteries Doubles the carrying capacity of the U.S. Significant increase in speed up stream from 1 mile per hour Master of the Mississippi Vital role in opening up West and South Starts canal building boom Cuts down shipping time and costs

45. Your Initials Pg. 311-312 Erie Canal 5 1790-1860

46. ID: Canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. Called “Clinton’s Big Ditch”, begun in 1817 completed in 1852 Significance: Costs & Time dramatically decrease –Ton of grain from Buffalo to NYC from $100 to $5 –20 days to 6 Value of land along route increase New cities blossomed in New York and on Great Lakes State industry boomed Midwest farms are more profitable People lose way of life and have to adapt to new market conditions

47. Your Initials Pg. 312-314 Railroads 5 1790-1860

48. ID: Fast, reliable, cheaper transportation than canals; first railroad appears in 1828, by 1860 30,000+ miles of track had been laid, ¾ in the North Significance: The most significant contribution to the development of a national economy Faced strong opposition from Canal builders Considered dangerous at first Other obstacles –Bad breaks, schedule, different gauges Country being bounded together Allows market economy to flourish

49. Your Initials Pg. 317-318 Market Revolution 5 1790-1860

50. ID: Transformation a subsistence economy into a national network of industry and commerce Significance: Fundamental shift in economy Families go from being self sufficient to working for wages in factories in order to purchase necessities –People now effected by more outside influences Raises legal issues –Patents, workers rights, monopolies –New Chief Justice Roger B. Taney’s court sided more with communities over industry Revolution in households –Traditional women’s work rendered superfluous and is devalued –Homes become sphere of women Advances bring increased prosperity to all Americans –Also widen gap between rich and poor –Unskilled workers drift from menial job to menial job Social mobility possible by over played

51. Your Initials Pg. 321-322 Second Great Awakening 5 1790-1860

52. ID: reaction to the growing liberalism in religion around 1800; a fresh wave of roaring revivals beginning on the southern frontier but soon rolled into cities in Northeast Significance: One of the most momentous episodes in the history of American religion Tidal wave of religious fervor left in its wake countless converted souls, many shattered and reorganized churches and numerous new sects Encouraged evangelicalism to creep into other areas of American life –Prison reform, temperance, women’s movement, abolition

53. Your Initials Pg. 321 Revival Meetings 5 1790-1860

54. ID: Massive “camp” meetings of thousands during the 2 nd Great Awakening where people would gather for several days to listen to gospel Significance: Revivals boosted church membership Stimulated a variety of humanitarian reforms “Feminization” of religion –Middle class women first and most fervent revivalists –Make up majority of new church members –More likely to stay with the church –Offered women active role in brining families back to God –Formed host of benevolent and charitable organizations –Spearheaded crusades for era’s ambitious reforms Denominations split –Methodists and Baptists and other new sects spawned came from less prosperous, less “learned” communities in South and West

55. Your Initials Pg. 322 Charles Grandison Finney 5 1790-1860

56. ID: Greatest of the revival preachers during the 2 nd Great Awakening; originally trained as a lawyer Significance: Could hold huge crowds spellbound with power of his oratory and message Led massive revivals in Rochester and New York City in 1830 and 1831 Preached a version of the old-time religion Devised the “anxious bench” –Sinners could sit in full view of the public Believed in promise of a perfect Christian kingdom on earth Denounced both alcohol and slavery

57. Your Initials Pg. 323-324 Joseph Smith; Brigham Young 5 1790-1860

58. ID: Smith founder of the Mormon church in 1830; Lead by Young after Smith’s murder, moves church to Utah in 1846-47 Significance: Smith reported that he had received golden plates from an angel that constituted the Book of Mormon Young an aggressive leader, eloquent preacher and gifted administrator Young moves church from Illinois to Utah to escape further persecution Young has 27 wives Young named territorial governor in 1850

59. Your Initials Pg. 323-324 Mormon Church & Migration 5 1790-1860

60. ID: Church founded on Book of Mormon discovered by Joseph Smith in Western New York, group moves to Utah in 1846-47 to escape persecution Significance: Cooperative group antagonized individualistic Americans Aroused anger by voting as a unit Had their own militia Accused of being polygamists Young moves group to Utah from Illinois Make the Utah desert “bloom” –5,000 settlers by end of 1848 Community becomes prosperous frontier theocracy and cooperative commonwealth

61. Your Initials Pg. 324-325 Public School Movement 5 1790-1860

62. ID: America slowly comes to understand need for tax- supported public education Significance: Taxation for education was insurance that wealthy paid for stability and democracy –“Ignorant brats” may become dangerous ignorant mob Expands greatly between 1820-1850 –South is lagging miserably Laborers demand instruction for children –Gain more power as voting restrictions are eased “A civilized nation that was both ignorant and free, never was and never will be” – Jefferson Little red schoolhouse –Symbol of democracy –House grades 1-8 and 1 teacher (probably a man) –Stayed open a few months –Taught the 3 Rs “Readin’, ‘ritin’, and ‘rithmetic” In 1860 nation only had about 100 public secondary schools and nearly 1 million white adult literates.

63. Your Initials Pg. 325-326 Horace Mann & Noah Webster 5 1790-1860

64. ID: Early reformers of public education. Significance: Mann –Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education –Campaigned for more and better schoolhouses, longer terms, higher pay for teachers and expanded curriculum –Influence spreads to other states Webster –“School master of the republic” –Improved textbooks –Reading lessons used by millions –Devotes 20 years to dictionary published in 1828

65. Your Initials Pg. 326 McGuffey Readers 5 1790-1860

66. ID: Created by William McGuffey Significance: Grade school readers first published in 1830s Sold 122 million copies in following decades Taught lessons in Morality, patriotism and idealism.

67. Your Initials Pg. 327-328 Emma Willard & Mary Lyon 5 1790-1860

68. ID: Women how helped create the first opportunities of higher education for women Significance: Women’s higher education was frowned upon –Woman’s place was in the home –Too much learning injured the feminine brain, undermined health and rendered a young lady unfit for marriage Willard –Established the Troy Female Seminary in 1821 Lyon –Established Mount Holyoke Seminary in Mass. In 1837

69. Your Initials Answers.com Thomas Gallaudet 5 1790-1860

70. ID: Educator who founded the first free school for the deaf in America in Hartford Significance: Known as Father of American Sign Language Creates educational opportunities for people who had none. Later worked for other causes

71. Your Initials Pg. 328-329 Dorothea Dix 5 1790-1860

72. ID: Advocate for better treatment for mentally ill and prison reform Significance: Insane being treated with incredible cruelty –Should be treated as beasts, chained in jails or poor houses with sane people Traveled over 60,000 miles assembling damning reports on insanity and asylums from first hand observations –Graphic depictions shocks public Petitioned Massachusetts legislature in 1843 for reforms Conditions improve Concept that demented are not willfully perverse but in fact ill gains traction

73. Your Initials Pg. 329 American Peace Society 5 1790-1860

74. ID: Created in 1828; Led by William Ladd; group advocated for peace Significance: Agitated for peace around the world Against the Mexican-American War Makes progress worldwide after liking up with European groups Lacks any real impact

75. Your Initials Pg. 329 Temperance 5 1790-1860

76. ID: Movement to ban alcohol Significance: Pervasive use of alcohol creates many problems in society Drunkenness fouled the sanctity of the family, threatens spiritual welfare and physical safety of women and children Temperance groups see alcohol as the main cause

77. Your Initials Pg. 329-330 American Temperance Society 5 1790-1860

78. ID: Founded in Boston in 1828; organized local groups around the country Significance: First effective nationwide temperance group Implored drinkers to sign the temperance pledge Two different points of view –Stiffen individual’s will to resist (temperance) Wanted to moderate drinking –Ban consumption through legislation (teetotalism) Temptation needed to be removed Led by Neal Dow – “Father of Prohibition” Able to get laws passed manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor in Maine Other states passed laws Gains made before Civil War

79. Your Initials Pg. 330-331 Beginning of Women’s movement 5 1790-1860

80. ID: Women begin to establish more rights beginning in the early 1800s Significance: Women supposed to immerse herself in home and subordinate herself to her husband Couldn’t vote, could be legally beaten, couldn’t retain title to property Increasingly took steps toward freedom and self-determination –Many women, “spinsters” avoided marriage altogether Market economy contributes to separating sexes Women thought to be physically and emotionally weak, but artistic and refined Endowed with finely tuned moral sensibilities, keepers of society’s conscience, continue to adhere to Republican Motherhood Women feel “cult of domesticity” is more of a cage Movement lead by upper class whites Demanded rights for women and advocated for other causes

81. Your Initials Pg. 331 Women’s movement leaders 5 1790-1860

82. ID: Mostly upper class white women; main leaders are Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Significance: Mott –Quaker, angered when she and fellow female delegates were not recognized at antislavery conference in 1840 Stanton –Early advocate for Women’s suffrage Anthony –Militant lecturer for women’s rights –So prevalent an advocate that progressive women known as “Suzy Bs”

83. Your Initials Pg. 331& Pbs.org Margaret Fuller 5 1790-1860

84. ID: Editor of Transcendentalists journal The Dial Significance: Seen by some as first feminist Worked as reporter & critic for New York Tribune Pioneer in writing and reporting, well respected

85. Your Initials Pg. 331& gilderleherman/historynow.com Digitalhistory.uh.edu Sarah and Angelina Grimké; Letter on the Condition of Women and Equality of the Sexes 5 1790-1860

86. ID: South Carolina sisters who fought slavery Significance: Spoke to “mixed” crowds of men and women Published powerful antislavery works Stretched the boundaries of women’s public role in societal issues Crusaded to end slavery and racial discrimination Wrote from first hand experiences with slavery Letter –Written by Sarah –One of first modern statements of feminist principles –Denounced injustice of lower pay and lack of educational opportunities –Outraged the men regarded women as toys

87. Your Initials Pg. 332 Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 5 1790-1860

88. ID: Women’s rights meeting in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848 Significance: Issue Declaration of Sentiments of women’s rights Declares “All men and women are created equal” Has other grievances women would like addressed Attended by men and women Demanded suffrage rights Launches modern women’s rights movement Women’s right’s takes back seat to abolition

89. Your Initials Pg. 332-334 Utopian communities 5 1790-1860

90. ID: Attempts made to create perfect little societies through cooperative, communistic. About 40 are attempted, most fail Significance: Attempts ranged from high minded to lunatic Robert Owen –Founds commune in 1825 of over 1,000 in Indiana –Little harmony prevailed Brook Farm –20 intellectuals committed to principles of transcendentalism on 200 acres in Mass in 1841 –Venture in “plain living and high thinking” fails in 1846 Shakers –Longest living community –Led by Mother Ann Lee, reached about 6,000 in 1840 –Religious community, akin to a monastery

91. Your Initials Pg. 334, 336-337 Oneida Community 5 1790-1860

92. ID: Founded in New York in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes, flourished for 30+ years Significance: Key to happiness was suppression of selfishness –Everything should be shared –“Bible Communism” One of the more radical communities –Practiced free love, birth control –People matched to produce superior offspring Survived through selling steel traps and Silver Plates

93. Your Initials Pg. 338-340 Metmuseum.org Hudson River School 5 1790-1860

94. ID: School of American painters who turned from portraits to local and realistic landscapes Significance: America’s first true artistic fraternity Defined America’s first contribution to the art world Thomas Cole seen as the “father” of the school Emerges out of nationalistic period after War of 1812 Celebrated beauty of landscapes

95. Your Initials Pg. 340 Washington Irving 5 1790-1860

96. ID: Author born in New York in (1783-1859), general author, Writer of The Sketch Book; Author of “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” Significance: First American to win international recognition as a literary figure Published The Sketch Book, which brought him immediately fame at home and abroad Europe amazed to find at last an American with a feather in his hand, not in his hair Did a lot of interpret America to Europe and Europe to America “The First ambassador whom the New World of letters sent to the Old”

97. Your Initials Pg. 340 James Fennimore Cooper 5 1790-1860

98. ID: American Novelists (1789-1851), author of The Spy, Leatherstocking Tales a series of novels the included The Last of the Mohicans Significance: First American novelists to gain world wide to make New World themes respectable Career started in earnest in 1821 Fame rests with Leatherstocking Tales –Natty Bumppo is hero Widely sold in Europe; Europeans see Americans born with Mohawk in hand Explored the viability and destiny of America’s republican experiment by contrasting the undefiled values of “natural men,” with the artificiality of modern civilization

99. Your Initials Pg. 340-341 Transcendentalists 5 1790-1860

100. ID: Movement in the 1830s, rejected the prevailing theory, from Locke, that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses Significance: Truth “transcends” the senses; it cannot be found by observation alone Every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the highest truth and put him or her in direct touch with God, or the “Oversoul.” Under lays a concrete set of beliefs –Individualism in matters as well as social –Closely associated with a commitment to self-reliance, self- culture, and self-discipline Breeds hostility to authority and formal institutions of any kind and conventional wisdom Exaltation of the dignity of the individual and wave humanitarian reforms

101. Your Initials Pg. 341 Ralph Waldo Emerson 5 1790-1860

102. ID: Born in Boston (1803-1882) Best know of the transcendentalists authors; trained a Unitarian minister Significance: Address, “The American Scholar” perhaps best known public effort in 1837 at Harvard –Intellectual declaration of independence Urged American writers to throw off European traditions More influential as a practical philosopher and through essay enriched countless lives Stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism and freedom Popularity stems from fact his ideals reflected those of an expanding America. Outspoken critic of slavery and supported Union in Civil War

103. Your Initials Pg. 341 Henry David Thoreau 5 1790-1860

104. ID: (1817-1862) Emerson’s close associate; poet, mystic and transcendentalist and nonconformist; Author of Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Significance: Was thrown in jail for not paying Massachusetts poll tax because of it’s support of slavery Walden –Record of his two years of simple existence in a hut he built at the edge of a pond Believed he should reduce his bodily wants to gain time for pursuit of truth through study and meditation Civil Disobedience –Early advocate of nonviolent protests –Writings encouraged Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

105. Your Initials Pg. 344 Nathaniel Hawthorne 5 1790-1860

106. ID: Born in Salem MA (1804-1864), author of The Scarlet Letter Significance: Work questions the intolerance and conformity of American life Reflects obsession with original sin and struggle between good and evil

107. Your Initials Pg. 351-352 South’s Oligarchy 5 1790-1860

108. ID: Pre-Civil War south is not much of a democracy, it is controlled by the wealthy planters, In 1850 1,733 families owned more than 100 slaves each Significance: Group provided bulk of political and social leadership Planter aristocrats enjoyed lion’s share of wealth Educated children in finest schools Money provides leisure for study and reflection Many felt obligation to served the public Dominance by favored aristocracy was basically undemocratic Widened gap between rich and poor Hampered tax-supported education

109. Your Initials pg. 352-356 Southern Class System 5 1790-1860

110. ID: Distinct and fairly rigid class system develops in the South during the 1800s; Significance: Large Plantation Owners –owned 100 + slaves –Dominated wealth and government Slave Owners –Over 2/3 rd of slave owning families have under 10 –Smaller slave owners did not own majority of slaves, but were majority of masters –Typically small farmers, not too dissimilar to Northern families –Only ¼ of white southerners owned slaves Non Slave holding whites –¾ of all whites –Simplie subsistence life, resented cotton “snobocracy” –Lived isolated lives –Could look down on slaves At least there is someone worse off Mountain whites –Stuck in Appalachian range –Little in common with rest of south Free Blacks Slaves

111. Your Initials Pg. 268 Free blacks in South 5 1790-1860

112. ID: Approx. 250,000 in the South in 1860 Significance: Set free in variety of ways –Given freedom during Revolution –Bought their way out Treated as a “third race” –Couldn’t have certain jobs, couldn’t testify in courts Limited rights and job prospects Lived in fear of being captured and sold back into slavery Faced just as much racism, if not more in the north

113. Your Initials Pg. 269 Slavery: Life & Coping 5 1790-1860

114. ID: Nearly 4 million slaves in the south in 1860, treated as property Significance: Slave imports outlawed in 1808, population grew on its own –Primary source of wealth –Slave were almost 50% of the population; majority in MS, LA, and SC Rural Slavery –Worked from dawn to dusk in the fields –Often whipped to keep working –Most lived on large plantations Urban Slavery –Demand rose for slaves to work in mills and on ships –New class of skilled laborers develop –Owners “hired out” slaves to factory owners Slaves had no rights in eyes of law –When laws in place to help slaves, enforcement near impossible Coping –Family lives remained relatively stable; looked out for one another on plantation –Turned to religion –Worked just fast enough to avoid the lash –All had desire for freedom

115. Your Initials Pg. 362-366 Abolitionism 5 1790-1860

116. ID: Movement to end the “peculiar institution” of slavery in America, takes on all kinds of forms Significance: Abolition societies begin to develop as early as the Revolutionary War Opponents ranged from moderates looking to slowly emancipate the slaves with compensation to radicals who want immediate emancipation without pay Abolition pursued all the way through the war

117. Your Initials Pg. 362-363 American Colonization Society 5 1790-1860

118. ID: Early abolitionist group started in 1817 Significance: Focus was to transport blacks back to Africa Help establish country of Liberia and it’s capital was Monrovia 15,000 were transplanted over 4 decades Most did not wish to be moved By 1860 virtually all southern slavers were no longer African, but native-born in the United States

119. Your Initials Pg. 364-365 William Lloyd Garrison 5 1790-1860

120. ID: Radical White abolitionists, publisher of The Liberator a newspaper dedicated to abolition, founder of the American Anti-Slavery Soceity Significance: Militantly antislavery Proclaimed he would not tolerate slavery under any circumstances Wanted to stamp it out once and for all Called for immediate emancipation without compensation Burned constitution as Pro-slavery document Supports David Walker

121. Your Initials Pg. 364-365 American Anti Slavery Society 5 1790-1860

122. ID: Founded by William Lloyd Garrison, more militant than most abolitionists groups Significance: Organized societies across the nation Group membership grows quickly in the 1840s Loses some support at Garrison takes on more radical positions Attacking government and churches in paper

123. Your Initials Pg. 365; pbs.org David Walker 5 1790-1860

124. ID: Black abolitionist, author of Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 Significance: Advocates bloody end to slavery and white supremacy Fear of slave revolts in the south Gives hope and inspiration to slaves Leads to passage of laws making it illegal for slaves to be taught how to read

125. Your Initials Pg. 365 Womenhistory.about.com Sojourner Truth 5 1790-1860

126. ID: A slave for 30 years, gains freedom and tours country as preacher and abolitionists Significance: Real name Isabella Baumfree Felt she had a calling to preach and took new name Popular speaker Gives first hand accounts of life as slave Influences other abolitionists

127. Your Initials Pg. 365-366 Frederick Douglass; The North Star 5 1790-1860

128. ID: Escaped bondage in 1838 and “discovered” by abolitionists in 1841; lectures across the north; starts antislavery journal The North Star Significance: Greatest and most influential of black abolitionists Stunning speaker Continue to lecture after threats and beatings Autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is widely read –Gives more personal account of life as a slave Looked to politics and compromise to end slavery Paper not just out to end slavery but all social injustice

129. Your Initials Pg. 366 Tulane.edu Liberty Party 5 1790-1860

130. ID: Political party created in 1840 dedicated to the end of slavery Significance: Abolitionist look to more practical and political means to end slavery First party whose sole intent was abolition Not effective on large scale Had some influence in northern states

131. Your Initials Pg. 275-280 Nat Turner’s Rebellion 5 1790-1860

132. ID: Aug. 1831, Nat Turner leads 80 followers and attacked 4 plantations & killed 60 people in Southampton Va. Significance: Believed he had been chosen to lead slaves out of bondage Turner captured & hanged 200 slaves killed in retaliation Fed state of southern paranoia that north is actively trying to inflame a slave revolt South tightens grip on slaves –Stricter slave codes are passed

133. Your Initials Pg. ushistory.com Slave Codes 5 1790-1860

134. ID: Outlines rights of slaves and acceptable treatment and rules regarding slaves and ownership Significance: Backlash from revolts and abolition movements –Owners believed education and privilege inspired the revolt –Many pushed for stricter controls Free blacks could not preach without “respectable” slave holders present Blacks lost right to vote, own a gun Could not learn to read and write

135. Your Initials Pg. 367 Proslavery Defenses 5 1790-1860

136. ID: In wake of challenges of slavery, proslavery whites in the south offer up reasons for its existence and claim it’s a positive good Significance: Authority for slaver in Bible –S–Slaves become part of a Christian civilization –R–Religion encourage in slave quarters Master-slave relationship resembled family relationships Slaves were better off than northern “wage slaves” –W–Worked outside in the sun –D–Did not have to worry about unemployment –C–Cared for when sick Attempts at defense widens schism between north and south

137. Your Initials Pg. 359, 409-410 Harriet Beecher Stowe; Uncle Tom’s Cabin 5 1790-1860

138. ID: Book written in 1852 about inhumanity of slavery and the cruel practice of splitting of families Significance: Considered to be cause of the Civil War –Lincoln said to Stowe “so you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war” Gives northerners a chance to identify with plight of slaves on a more personal and emotional level Several hundreds of thousands of copies were printed and sold, mainly in the north Cannot be compared with other books as a political force Helped north win the war Popular in Europe

139. Oneida Community UNIT 5 TERMS Hudson River School Washington Irving Pioneer Families Early Urban Life Reasons Immigrants come to U.S. Irish Immigrants German Immigrants Nativists Know-Nothing Party Samuel Slater Cotton Gin Interchangeable Parts Howe & Singer Telegraph Life in early factories Rise of Unions Cult of Domesticity Lowell System; textile mills John Deere Cyprus McCormick National Road Steamboats Erie Canal Railroads Market Revolution 2 nd Great Awakening Revival Meetings Charles Grandison Finney Joseph Smith & Brigham Young Mormon Church Public School Movement Mann & Webster Willard & Lyon Gallaudet Dorothea Dix Temperance American Temperance Soc. Beginning Women’s movement Women’s movement leaders Margaret Fuller Sarah & Angelina Grimke Utopian communities Eli Whitney Factory influence on women & families James Fennimore Cooper Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nathaniel Hawthorne South’s Oligarchy Southern Class System. Free Blacks in South Slavery: life & coping William Lloyd Garrison David Walker Sojourner Truth Abolitionism American colonization society Frederick Douglass Liberty Party Nat Turner’s Rebellion Slavery Codes Harriet Beecher Stowe Seneca Falls American Peace Society American Anti- Slavery Society McGuffey Readers