1. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address TERAHERTZ SURVEYS the opening of the far-infrared and submillimetre windows Michael Rowan-Robinson Imperial College London the Terahertz band birth of Terahertz astronomy: 1961-1984 IRAS, JCMT, ISO radiative transfer in dust clouds SPITZER the Terahertz background the future

2. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address What is TERAHERTZ ?

3. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address 0.1-10 THz 30 microns - 3 mm - a few terrestial windows the Terahertz band

4. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Low, F.J. & H.L. Johnson, “The Spectrum of 3C 273,” Ap.J. 141, 336-38 (1965). (  ) Low, F.J., “The Performance of Thermal Detection Radiometers at 1.2 mm,” Proc. IEEE 53, 516 (1965). Kleinmann, D.E. & F.J. Low, “Discovery of an Infrared Nebula in Orion,” Ap.J. 149, L1-L4 (1967) (22  m) Frank Low 1961: the Gallium-doped Germanium bolometer and the Low dewar Low, F.J., “Low-Temperature Germanium Bolometers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 1300-04 (1961).

5. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Frank Low: 1968: the far infrared background

6. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Frank Low: 1970: infrared galaxies Low and Aumann, 1970, 162, L79 Low, 1970, ApJ 159, L173

7. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Park, W. M.; Vickers, D. G.; Clegg, P. E. Submillimeter Radiation from the Orion Nebula 1970 AA 5, 325 (900  m) Houck, J. R.; Soifer, B. T.; Pipher, Judith L.; Harwit, MartinRocket-Infrared Four-Color Photometry of the Galaxy's Central Regions 1971 ApJ 169, 31L 1970-1978: QMC, Cornell, UCL, Harvard, Chicago, Caltech

8. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Fazio, G. G.; Kleinmann, D. E.; Noyes, R. W.; Wright, E. L.; Zeilik, M., II; Low, F. J.: A High-Resolution Map of the Orion Nebula Region at Far-Infrared Wave-Lengths 1974 ApJ 192, 23 Nature 249, 530 - 532 (07 June 1974); Narrow-band observations of galactic and extragalactic sources at 1 mm P. E. CLEGG, P. A. R. ADE & M. ROWAN-ROBINSON Queen Mary College, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1, UK WE report the result of a search for discrete extragalactic sources of continuum radiation near 1.2 mm. The observations were made during a run of one week on the United States National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) 11-m telescope at Kitt Peak, Arizona. Rowan-Robinson, M.: Astronomy at submillimetre wavelengths, 1974, New Scientist 67, 78 Elais J.H. et al, 1 millimeter continuum observations of extragalactic objects, 1978, ApJ 220, 25 (9 detected) 1970-1978

9. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address

10. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address 1970-1978 Telesco, Harper, Loewenstein 1976, ApJ 203, L53 NGC1068 Kuiper Airborne Observatory

11. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address 1970: birth of THz molecular line astronomy Wilson, Jefferts, Penzias, 1970, ApJ 161, L43

12. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Phillips, T.; Rowan-Robinson, M.:“Molecules among the stars” 1976, New Scientist 69, 170 - listed 32 molecules known (today 126 !) molecular line astronomy

13. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address molecular line astronomy

14. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address molecular line astronomy Phillips, Keene, 1992, Proc IEEE 80, 1662 Orion MC

15. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address 1974: memo from M.R-R to QMC group ‘Proposal for a large millimetre telescope’ - discusses (i) 30 m. telescope good to 1 mm, (ii) 10 m. telescope good to 350  m (which would have to be on Mauna Kea) 1975: Tom Phillips submits proposal for a submillimetre telescope to SERC review of radio-astronomy 1975 : SRC millimetre steering committee (chair Tom Phillips) concluded that it would be possible to construct a 15-metre diameter telescope capable of observing at wavelengths down to 750 µm. Final site selection was between Mauna Kea and La Palma. 1987: JCMT first light 1974: QMC floats the idea of a dedicated UK submillimetre telescope

16. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS Horsehead Nebula

17. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - cirrus and zodiacal dust bands Low et al,1984, ApJ 278, L19

18. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - cirrus south celestial pole

19. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - zodiacal dust bands Rowan-Robinson et al, 1991, MN 249, 729

20. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - star forming regions constellation OrionLMC

21. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - ultraluminous infrared galaxies Arp 220 Soifer et al, 1984, ApJ 283, L1: the remarkable infrared galaxy Arp 220

22. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - AGN dust tori Miley et al, 1984, ApJ 278, L79: A 25  m component in 3C390.3

23. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - dust debris disks Aumann et al, 1984, ApJ 278, L23: discovery of a shell around Alpha Lyrae

24. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - protostars

25. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - non-discovery of Planet X Walker and Rowan-Robinson, 1984, BAAS 16, 443

26. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS all-sky survey

27. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IRAS - mapping the 3-D galaxy distribution able to explain origin of our Galaxy’s motion with respect to the cosmic frame - the CMB dipole (Rowan-Robinson et al 1991, 2001)

28. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address 2MASS and AKARI 2MASS provides a better picture of galaxy distribution at z<0.03 AKARI will allow us to study ir dipole to z ~ 0.3

29. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Hyperluminous infrared galaxies Rowan-Robinson, 2000, MN 316, 885 starburst dominated IRAS F10214, z=2.3 galaxy Teplitz et al 2006

30. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address HDFN at 850  m Hughes et al 1996 impact of JCMT SHADES blank field surveys at 850  m showed that we were able to survey the whole universe to z = 5 with ultraluminous ir galaxies

31. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address SHADES counts at 850  m Coppins et al, 2007, astro-ph/0609039

32. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address submillimetre galaxy redshift distribution Chapman et al, 2005, ApJ 622, 772

33. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address ISO

34. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address interstellar dust grains size 50 A - 0.1  m (and larger ?) composition: amorphous C graphite amorphous silicates crystalline silicates SiC PAHs Brownlee particle

35. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address discovery of PAHs Leger and Puget, 1984, AA 137, L5

36. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address what powers ultraluminous infrared galaxies ? Genzel et al, 1998, ApJ 498, 579 Spoon et al, 2007, astro-ph/0611918

37. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address seds of ultraluminous infrared galaxies L:ISO R:SPITZER

38. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address the star formation history of the universe Rowan-Robinson ‘Cosmology’ 4th edition Rowan-Robinson 2003

39. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Radiative transfer models for infrared sources spherically symmetric dust clouds - first accurate code 1980 (R-R, ApJS 234, 111) - circumstellar dust shells 1981-3 - starbursts and ULIRGs 1993 axially symmetric dust clouds - first accurate code 1990 (Efstathiou and R-R, MN 245, 275) - protostars 1991 - AGN dust tori 1995

40. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Eftstathiou, R-R, Seibenmorgen, 2000, MN 313, 734 embedded phase, t < 10 7 yrs expanding neutral shell, t = 10 7 -10 8 years at 10 8 yrs, indistinguishable from cirrus Models for starburst galaxies

41. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Cirrus models for local galaxies assume optically thin ism, extinction A V (not >> 1) starburst models, age t *, exponential decay time  characterise galaxies by single mean intensity,  = bolometric intensity/solar neighbourhood intensity for local galaxies, t * = 0.25 Gyr,  = 5-11 Gyr (Efstathiou and Rowan-Robinson 2003, MN 343, 322)

42. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address z<0.12 galaxies with cirrus seds Rowan-Robinson et al, 2005, AJ 129, 1183 sources with good ISO-ELAIS and SPITZER-SWIRE data templates

43. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address z=0.1-0.9 galaxies fitted with cirrus or A220 template A220 model: A V = 200, t* = 26 Myr (Efstathiou and RR 2001)

44. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address fitted with cirrus, A220 starburst and AGN dust torus templates seds of z=0.1-2.2 galaxies/quasars

45. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address SPITZER

46. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address SPITZER’s chequered history 1979 SIRTF conceived 1984 selection of SIRTF team, mission planned as Shuttle launch 1990 switch to Titan launch, 5.7 tonnes, 1m telescope, $2b 1993 descope to 2.7 tonnes, Atlas launch 1995 further descope to Delta launch, 0.75 tonnes, 85cm telescope, $450m, design lifetime 2.5 years, goal 5 years Aug 2003 launch, renamed SPITZER 2007, expected life 5.5 years

47. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address IC1396, the Elephant’s Trunk - dark globule inside emission nebula (ionizing star is to left of frame) - pair of newly formed stars have created cavity

48. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address

49. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address M51 Sombrero combined 3.6, 8 and 24  m images (SINGS consortium)

50. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address M82 N2207/IC2163 Stefan’s Qntet

51. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address SPITZER-IRS: IRAS F00183-7111, hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRS spectrum of the hyperluminous ir galaxy F00183-7111 = IRAS P00182-7112 (Spoon et al 2004) z = 0.327 (narrow line object), lg L sb = 13.25

52. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Layered SPITZER Surveys Wide–shallow FLS GTO-shallow SWIRE –greatest volume 4 8.5 49 sq deg –rare luminous objects –large-scale structure Confusion-limited GTO-deep GOODS-IRAC –maximum information 2.5 sq deg 300 sq arcmin on faintest resolved sources Ultra-deep GTO-ultra GOODS-24  m –confusion distribution 150 300 sq arcmin

53. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address SWIRE Team and Associates Carol LonsdalePIIPAC, Caltech Duncan Farrah, Maria Polletta Harding E (Gene) Smith Deputy PIUCSD Brian Siana Michael Rowan-Robinson Deputy PI Imperial College Tom Babbedge, Dave Clements Dave ShupeLiaison ScientistSSC/IPAC Jason SuraceData Processing/IRAC SSC/IPAC Kevin (Cong) XuModelsIPAC Deborah PadgettGalactic Science/MIPS SSC/IPAC Fan Fang Simulation/ModelsSSC/IPAC Alberto FranceschiniSpheroids/AGN Padua Stefano Berta, Giulia Rodighiero Dave FrayerEROs/MIPSSSC/IPAC Glenn MorrisonRadioIPAC JoAnn O’LingerGalactic ScienceSSC Seb OliverLarge Scale Structure Sussex Payam Davoodi, Ian Waddington Frazer OwenRadio Deep SurveyNRAO Ismael Perez-Fournon Nearby GalaxiesIAC, TenerifeAlejandro Afonso-Luis, Evanthia Hadtziminaoglou, Antonio Hernan-Caballero Marguerite PierreX-ray/XMM-LSS CEA, Saclay Gordon StaceySubmm Cornell Olivier LefevreVVDSMarseille Steve SerjeantELAISKent Eduardo Gonzalez-Solares ELAIS IOA

54. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address ELAIS N1: 9 sq. deg SWIRE 3.6  m survey in ELAIS-N1

55. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Photometric redshifts SWIRE-VVDS sample (with VVDS team, PI LeFevre) VIRMOS-VLT Deep Survey spectra >1000 sources ~3% rms in (1+z) <2% outliers phot z method of RR 03, Babbedge et al 04, RR et al 05, some refinements ~ IRAC 3.6 and 4.5  m big help in reducing outliers z = 1234 red: gals, blue QSOs

56. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Photometric redshifts All SWIRE Catalogue VVDS: 9 optical bands N1,N2: 5 optical bands Lockman: 3-4 optical bnds CDFS: 3 optical bands z = 1 2 3 4

57. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Redshift distributions >=3 bands from U-8  m left: Suburu XDS, R<27.5 below: ELAIS-N1, r<23.5: for optically blank sources use 3.6-8  m for phot-z

58. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address SPITZER-IRS spectra of ELAIS sources IRS spectra for 70 ELAIS-N1 and -N2 sources with S15> 1mJy validate the template fits most are ULIRGs, with z =1-3 Filled circles: optical, ISO, SWIRE ( and MAMBO) data Solid curves: model seds Red curve: calibrated IRS data (Hernan-Caballero et al 2006)

59. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address seds of submillimetre galaxies SHADES SXDS Clements et al 2007

60. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address COUNTS AT 24  m 24  m differential counts (Shupe et al, 2007, Papovich et al 2004) new model for ir counts (developed from RR 2001 models): independent evolution for each component, evolution has to flatten off at z < 0.5 M82 cirrus dust tori

61. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address Counts at 70-850  m new SWIRE 70, 160 and SHADES 850  m differential counts (Afonso-Luis et al, 2007, in prep, Coppins et al 2007)

62. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address The Terahertz background

63. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address History of the universe

64. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address WMAP & QSO Results Year 3 WMAP release has reduced the electron optical depth so the epoch of reionization has been moved from z~17 down to z~10.9 (+2.7, -2.3), equivalent to 360Myr after Big Bang. Spectra of SDSS z~6 QSOs show hints that Universe was reionized at only somewhat higher z than 6.5. Spergel et al. 2006 WMAP From Fan et al.

65. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address a z ~ 6.7 galaxy detected by SPITZER Egami et al, 2005, ApJ 618, L5: z ~ 6.7 lensed galaxy with M = 10 9 M o, stellar age at least 50 Myr

66. Feb 9 2007RAS Presidential Address the future Darwin TPF ALMA Herschel