1. Chapter 11 Advanced Genetics
Codominance
Multiple Allele Traits
Polygenic Inheritance
 Lethal Alleles
Epistatic Alleles

2. Incomplete Dominance
Traits appear to "blend" in offspring
RR x WW
      RW  (pink)
Show:
Pink x Red
Pink x Pink
White x White

3. This illustrates another style of "letters" to denote genotypes
Figure 11.14
This illustrates another style of "letters" to denote genotypes
R1 and R2
Don’t let letter conventions throw you off on the AP test.

4. ROAN COW -           What happens when you cross a white and a red cow?
Roan is codominant - both alleles R and W are expressed

5. What happens when two Roan Cows are Crossed?

6. Blood Types - Multiple Alleles

7. When doing blood type crosses, you will need to know whether at type A or B person is heterozygous or homozygous. Type O's are automatically OO and type AB is automatically AB. Crosses are performed the same as any other.
Show Crosses:
A B   x   A O                        A O  x  B O                         A A  x  A B

8. Determine the genotypes of these aliens given that the trait is controlled by multiple alleles. 

9. Polygenic Traits - controlled by many genes
Each allele intensifies or diminishes the phenotype.
Variation is continuous or quantitative (adding up) - also called quantitative inheritance
Seed Color in wheat - aabbcc, Aabbcc, AaBbcc, AaBbCc, AABbCc, AABBCC (light, intermediate colors, dark)
In humans - hair color, height, skin color

10. Polygenic Inheritance
Pg 197
Polygenic Inheritance
AABBCC x aabbcc (P)
AaBbCc x AaBbCc (F1)
Seven Possible Phenotypes in the F2

11. Figure 11.16

12. Figure 11.17

13. Environment and Phenotype Temperature, water, food sources can have an affect on how a gene is expressed
Rabbits have a gene that codes for darker pigments - this gene is more active at low temperatures. Parts of the body that are colder will develop the darker pigmentation - ears and feet 

14. Figure 11.18b

15. SIAMESE CATS

16. EPISTATIC ALLELES Black is dominant to chocolate B or b
In labrador retriever, coat color is determined by one gene with four different alleles. Five different colors result from the combinations of these alleles.
Black is dominant to chocolate B or b
Yellow is recessive and epistatic 
(when present, it blocks the expression of the black and chocolate alleles) E or e

17. Epistasis
Epistasis is a phenomenon that consists of the effect of one gene being dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier genes' (genetic background). Similarly, epistatic mutations have different effects in combination than individually. It was originally a concept from genetics but is now used in biochemistry, population genetics,computational biology and evolutionary biology. It arises due to interactions, either between genes, or within them leading to non-additive effects. Epistasis has a large influence on the shape of evolutionary landscapes which leads to profound consequences for evolution and evolvability of traits.

18. Black Lab Chocolate Lab Yellow Lab BBEE BbEE BBEe BbEe bbEE bbEe
BBee Bbee bbee

19. 1. A black lab (BBEe) x yellow lab (bbee)
2. A chocolate lab (bbEe) x black lab (BbEe)

20. 3. Two black labs (BBEE x BbEe)