1. Fill in the missing bubble…

2. Kinematics in One Dimension
Chapter 2

3. Kin-e-what?
Kinematics – the branch of _________ which describes the motion of an object without explicit reference to the ______ that act on the object.
Mechanics – the branch of Physics that deals with the ______ of objects and the ______ that change it.
One Dimension – dealing only with ________ motion.
mechanics
forces
motion
forces
linear

4. Familiar terms?
Can you define the following? Take a minute to write down your answer, then, using the same groups for the poster, votefor the ‘best’ choice. DO NOT look in in your book!
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Alright, let’s share…

5. So what do they really mean?
SP1. a1Determine the difference between distnace and displacement
SP1.a2 Identify the displacement, time and velocity [s, t, v]
Displacement (s) is similar to distance. It is, in general, the change in position of an object.
Answers the question “How far”.
Distance is the total amount from the beginning of travel
Displacement is always measured from the origin to the current position.
Student walking around demo!!

6. So what do they really mean?
SP1.a4 Describe the difference between speed and velocity [speed, vavg]
Velocity (vavg) is similar to _________ (again, difference later). It is defined as the change in displacement divided by time.
Answers the question “How Fast”
Speed does not care about direction
Velocity changes as direction changes
Can you write the equation?
speed

7. So what do they really mean?
SP1.a3 Calculate the velocity of an object. [v=s/t]
That equation would be
This is called a definition equation. You will use it to derive other equations in this course.
Do you see what the units would be?

8. So what do they really mean?
SP1.a6 Calculate the acceleration of an object.
Acceleration (a) is the change in ________ of an object divided by the time interval.
You must do one of 3 things:
Increase velocity
Decrease velocity
Change direction
If there is no speed change or direction change, there is NO ACCELERATION.
Can you write the equation?
velocity

9. So what do they really mean?
Did you get Again, another definition equation.
Special Note: Very rarely does time NOT begin at zero. Therefore, it is very common to write these equations without the Δ symbol by time.

10. Looking deeper at Displacement
Can you answer the following questions? (avoid using your calculator)
A student walks 15 m from the commons, stops at her locker, then continues 20 m to her classroom. What is her displacement?
Another student walks 30 m from the commons before realizing he meant to stop at his locker. He returns 10 m to his locker, then turns back toward his class, 20 m from his locker. What is his displacement?
35 m
40 m

11. Looking Deeper at Displacement
SP1.b1 Describe and identiy scalar and vector quantities
So what makes the difference between 60 m or 40 m for question #2?
The difference is that 60 m is the distance the student travels (a ______ qty), but 40 m is the displacement (a ______ qty).
Vectors take into account the direction of motion. In #2 there was a change of direction. Mathematically, this is a change in sign for the number. So… 30 m + (-10 m) + 20 m
scalar
vector

12. Looking Deeper at Velocity
Okay, explanation first this time. Speed is the scalar qty for velocity. So, speed is magnitude only (just a number). Velocity is magnitude and direction.
Two other terms to note: ___________ Velocity = v right now _______ Velocity = overall v: (v = (vf + vi)/2)
Remember, a + or – count as direction. You do not have to say north, south, toward, away, etc., but you may see them in a question.
Instantaneous
Average

13. Looking Deeper at Velocity
Alright, try these two questions on for size:
A driver traveling north on I-85 notes that it takes 2 minutes to get from exit 99 to exit 101, a distance of 3168 m. What is the drivers speed in m/s? What is her velocity?
A student walks his girlfriend to 1st period, a distance of 40 m from the cafeteria. He turns back toward the cafeteria to his class, 15 m away. This takes 5 minutes. What is his speed? His velocity?
Speed = 26.4 m/s
Velocity = 26.4 m/s
s = 0.18 m/s; v=0.083 m/s

14. Looking Deeper at Acceleration
Constant acceleration - an object will change its velocity by the same amount each second.
THIS IS NOT CONSTNAT VELOCITY!!!
Non-constant acceleration - an object will change its velocity by different amounts each second.
Which one is constant? Non-constant?

15. Looking Deeper at Acceleration
Since accelerating objects are constantly changing their velocity, one can say that the distance traveled/time is not a constant value.
Time
0 - 1 s ~ 5 m/s ~ 5 m ~ 5 m
1 -2 s ~ 15 m/s ~ 15 m ~ 20 m
2 - 3 s ~ 25 m/s ~ 25 m ~ 45 m
3 - 4 s ~ 35 m/s ~ 35 m ~ 80 m
Lets make 3 quick graphs!
Distance traveled in interval
Total distance traveled
Velocity

16. Looking Deeper at Acceleration
Well, you may be relieved to know that acceleration is a vector qty with no scalar counterpart.
So where is the direction?
The direction of the acceleration vector depends on two things:
whether the object is speeding up or slowing down
whether the object is moving in the + or - direction

17. Looking Deeper at Acceleration
A positive acceleration occurs, when an object is speeding up. Acceleration is in the same direction as the velocity.
A negative acceleration occurs, when an object is slowing down. Acceleration is in the opposite direction as the velocity.

18. Looking Deeper at Acceleration
The general RULE OF THUMB is:
If an object is slowing down, then its acceleration is in the opposite direction of its motion.
*See demo*

19. Looking Deeper at Acceleration
Which table shows positive acceleration? negative acceleration?
A is positive, B is negative.

20. Practice…
So… a car traveling at 10 m/s in a straight line speeds up to 30 m/s in 5.0 s. What is the average acceleration?
What are we given?
What are we looking for?
a = 4.0 m/s2

21. Practice…
A shuttle bus slows down with an average acceleration of –1.8m/s2. How long does it take the bus to slow from 9.0 m/s to a complete stop?
What are we given?
What are we looking for?

22. Practice…
Practice makes perfect!!!

23. Represented as graphs
We’ll get to that later….

24. Graphing Motion Three types of Graphs: D-T, V-T, A-T
What does slope of each represent?
This covers all the “concept”, how’s your math skill holding up?

25. Position vs Time Graphs
Position goes on the vertical axis
Time is on the horizontal axis

26. Position vs Time Graphs
What is the position at time 4s? What about 8s?
What is the the avg
velocity? (think back one
slide.)
1 m/s

27. Position vs Time Graphs
Let’s consider this car.
The graph would look like this:
It would have a constant, rightward (+) velocity

28. Position vs Time Graphs
Now, let’s consider this other car.
It would have a changing rightward (+) velocity
The graph would look like this:

29. Position vs Time Graphs
The shapes of the position versus time graphs reveal reveals useful information about the velocity of the object.
It is often said, "As the slope goes, so goes the velocity."
Whatever characteristics the velocity has, the slope will exhibit the same (and vice versa).

30. Position vs Time Graphs
What can you tell me about each objects velocity?
Object 1 has a constant
positive velocity.
Object 2 has no velocity.
Object 3 has a constant
negative velocity.

31. Position vs Time Graphs
Instantaneous velocity – velocity at a specific point in time
Can be found by the tangent of a curve.

32. Position vs Time Graphs
What do these graphs tell you about the velocity?
Slow, Rightward(+)Constant Velocity
Fast, Rightward(+)Constant Velocity

33. Position vs Time Graphs
What do these graphs tell you about the velocity?
Slow, Leftward(-)Constant Velocity
Fast, Leftward(-)Constant Velocity

34. Position vs Time Graphs
What do these graphs tell you?
Negative (-) Velocity, Slow to Fast
Negative (-) Velocity, Fast to Slow
How would you make this positive?

35. Practice
The following graph represents the motion of a car. What can you tell me about the car’s motion based on the graph?
The car has a rightward velocity. The car has a changing velocity. The car is moving from slow to fast since the slope changes from small big.

36. Practice
The following graph represents the motion of a car. What can you tell me about the car’s motion based on the graph?
The car has a negative velocity. The car has a changing velocity. The car is moving from slow to fast since the slope changes from small to big.

37. Four Kinematic Equations

38. Four Kinematic Equations
Remember:
Constant acceleration - an object will change its velocity by the same amount each second.
With this idea comes four kinematic equations.
Δx = ½(vi + vf) Δt
vf = vi + a Δt
Δx = vi Δt + ½ a(Δt)2
vf2 = vi2 + 2 a Δx

39. Four Kinematic Equations
There are always 4 variables
To use these equations you guess and check.
Remember to always do 4 things:
Draw a diagram
Write what you know
Write what you need
Guess and check
Let’s practice…

40. Four Kinematic Equations
Ima Hurryin is approaching a stoplight moving with a velocity of m/s. The light turns yellow, and Ima applies the brakes and skids to a stop. If Ima's acceleration is m/s2. What is the displacement of the car during the skidding process.
Diagram
Knowns?
Unknowns?
Equation

41. Four Kinematic Equations
Ben Rushin is is waiting at a stoplight. When it finally turns green, Ben accelerated from rest at a rate of a 6.00 m/s2 for a time of 4.10 seconds. Determine the displacement of Ben's car during this time period.
Diagram
Knowns?
Unknowns?
Equation

42. Four Kinematic Equations
A racing car reaches a speed of 42m/s. It then begins a uniform negative acceleration, using its parachute and brakes and comes to rest 3.5s later. What is the distance that it takes the car to stop.
Diagram
Knowns?
Unknowns?
Equation

43. Four Kinematic Equations
A plane starting at rest at one end of a runway undergoes a uniform acceleration of 4.8m/s2 for 15s before takeoff. What is its speed at takeoff?
Diagram
Knowns?
Unknowns?
Equation

44. In a speed boat race the time starts when the boat has a speed of 5m/s
In a speed boat race the time starts when the boat has a speed of 5m/s. It accelerates at a constant rate of 3.3m/s2, with a final velocity of 45m/s. How far was the race?

45. Practice makes ….
Try these
pg 53# 1-2, pg 55# 1-2, pg 58#1-3

46. Free Fall!!!! (show video)

47. Free Fall!!!!

48. Free Fall
Is when an object is falling under the sole influence of gravity
Two important facts:
Free falling objects do not encounter air resistance (in this class)
Free fall is a downward acceleration toward earth (the sign gets tricky)

49. Free Fall formally known as “acceleration of gravity” = g g = 9.81m/s2
Often times estimated at 10m/s2 or 9.8m/s2
There are slight variations that are affected by altitude, we will ignore this.

50. Free Fall g is independent of 3 things: time it’s been falling
mass of the object
if it started at rest or not

51. A deeper look Think of it this way: Δv = 9.8 m/s Δt = 1s
This means every 1s the velocity increases 9.8m/s

52. A deeper look Think of it this way:
So how fast would you be going 3 seconds after jumping out an airplane?
How about 5 min?
Terminal Velocity – speed when the force of air resistance is equal and opposite to the force of gravity.
(around 55m/s for humans)

53. A deeper look Time (s) Velocity Δv = 9.8 m/s Δt = 1s2
19.6m/s 3
29.4m/s 4
39.2m/s 5
49.0m/s
Δv = 9.8 m/s
Δt = 1s
This means every 1s the velocity increases 9.8m/s

55. Working Backwards It all works backward as well.
If a ball is thrown straight up:
It will decelerate at 9.81m/s2
At the top of it’s path the ball “hangs” in mid air.
At bottom of it’s path the balls velocity is equal to vi
See Diagram….

56. Practice…
A worker drops a wrench from the top of a tower 80m tall. What is the velocity when the wrench strikes the ground?
Diagram
Knowns?
Unknowns?
Equation

57. Practice…
Jason hits a volleyball so that it moves with and initial velocity of 6m/s straight upward. If the volleyball start 2m above the floor. How long will it be in the air before it strikes the floor?
Diagram
Knowns?
Unknowns?
Equation

58. Practice…
A ball is thrown straight up into the air at an initial velocity of 25m/s. How long does it take for it to reach the top of its path? How far up does it travel?
Diagram
Knowns?
Unknowns?
Equation

59. Practice makes ….
Try these
pg 64 Practice F # 1-4

60. Practice makes ….
Homework
pg 59 # 1-3, 5-6