1. Chapter 7 Runtime Environments

2. Relationships between names and data objects As execution proceeds, the same name can denote different data objects Procedures, variables, etc. Execution of a procedure -> activiation of the procedure Data objects (variables) within an activitaions The same procedure may have several activations alive at the same time (e.g. recursive)

3. Procedure Definition: a declaration associates an Idetifier with statements –The id is a procedure name –The body is statements –Optional parameters Formal parameters (definition) Actual parameters (arguments) –Local variables –References to global scope

4. Activation Tree: Procedure executions Each node represents an activation of procedure The root represents the activation of the main program The node for a is the parent of the node for b, if and only if control flows from a to b and The node for a is to the left of the node b if and only if the lifetime of a occurs before the life time of b (show examples in fig 7.2, 7.3)

5. Control Stack for Activation Tree Depth first traversal that starts from the root We can use stack to keep track of live procedure activations Can be extended to the stack storage- allocation technique (C or Pascal) (show figure 7.4 and the current control and activation life s, q(1,9), q(1,3) and 1(2,3)

6. The Scope of a Declaration Declaration a syntactic construct associating information with a name Scope rules determine which declarations of a name applies when the name appears in the program –Local –None-local –Special, static, volatile, final etc..

7. Name Bindings Data object is a storage location that can hold values Name storage value Programming language, –environment is a function that maps a name to a storage location –State is a function that maps a storage location to the value –L-value (name), l-value to r-value Binding is the dynamic counterpart of a declaration

8. Name Bindings Static NotionDynamic Notion Defintion of a procedure Activation of the procedure Declaration of a name Bindings of the name Scope of a declLifetime of a binding

9. Storage organization Runtime Storage can be subdevided as follows: –The generated target code –Data object –Control stack (keep track of procedure activitation)

10. Storage organization Code Static Data Stack data objects’ life in activations of procedure) Heap (other DOs,e.g dynamic mem allocation)

11. Activation Record A contiguous block of storage for maintaining info during a procedure activation Returned value Actual parameters Optional control link Optional access link (none-local) Saved machine status Local data temporaries

12. Storage Allocation Strategies Static allocation lays out storage for all Data objects during compile time Stack allocation manages the run-time storage as a stack Heap allocation allocates and deallocates stoages as needed at runtime from heap area Watchout for a dangling reference (garbage collections)

13. Parameter passing Call by value –A formal parameter is treated just like a local name. Its storage is in the activation record of the called procedure –The caller evaluates the actual parameter and place the r-value in the storage for the formals Call by reference Copy-Restore

14. Parameter passing Call by reference –If an actual parameter is a name or expression having L-value, then that l-value itself is passed –However, if it is not (e.g. a+b or 2) that has no l-value, then expression is evaluated in the new location and its address is passed.

15. Parameter passing Copy-Restore: Hybird between call-by- value and call-by-ref (copy in, copy out) –Actual parms evaluated, its r-value is passed and l-value of the actuals are determined –When the called procedure is done, r-value of the formals are copied back to the l-value of the actuals