1. Designing Participatory GIS/SDSS Piotr Jankowski Department of Geography San Diego State University http://geography.sdsu.edu/People/Faculty/jankowski.html

2. Lecture Outline Public participation as organized activity Design framework Example of PPGIS designs guided by the framework

3. Public Participation = Structured Activity

4. Deliberative-Analytic Processes The deliberative component:  provides an opportunity to interactively give voice to choices about values, alternatives, and recommendations. The analytic component:  provides technical information that ensures broad-based, competent perspectives are treated.

5. Structured Participation Procedures Nominal group technique (NGT) Delphi process (DP) Citizen panel / citizen jury (CPJ) Technology of participation (ToP) 1. Goal statement 2. Brainstorm ideas 3. Clarify/negoti ate ideas 4. Vote on idea priority 1. Goal statement 2. Generate ideas 3. Collect ideas 4. Synthesize ideas 5. Playback ideas 6. Request for further change 1. Listen to evidence 2. Discuss evidence 3. Negotiate positions 4. Vote 5. Repeat until reach consensus 1. Goal statement 2. Generate ideas 3. Collect ideas 4. Cluster ideas 5. Synthesize ideas 6. Label ideas 7. Negotiate idea priority

6. Approaches to Structured Participation Step-wise Procedures for Four Methods of Structured Participation Nominal group technique (NGT) Delphi process (DP) Citizen panel / citizen jury (CPJ) Technology of participation (ToP) 1. Goal statement 2. Brainstorm ideas 3. Clarify/negoti ate ideas 4. Vote on idea priority 1. Goal statement 2. Generate ideas 3. Collect ideas 4. Synthesize ideas 5. Playback ideas 6. Request for further change 1. Listen to evidence 2. Discuss evidence 3. Negotiate positions 4. Vote 5. Repeat until reach consensus 1. Goal statement 2. Generate ideas 3. Collect ideas 4. Cluster ideas 5. Synthesize ideas 6. Label ideas 7. Negotiate idea priority

7. Comparing Methods NGTDPCPJToP Participatory Activities XXX Goal statement (context setting) XXX Brainstorm items XXX Negotiate (clarify) items XX Synthesize clusters and label items X Refine clusters XXX Vote/poll X Survey XX Review/evaluation

8. Which Participatory Activities? Participatory Activities Goal statement (context setting) Brainstorm items Negotiate (clarify) items Synthesize clusters and label items Refine clusters Vote/poll Review/evaluation Other activities?

9. More Questions Who participates? What Social-Institutional Influences? What Process? What Data? What Tools? What Outcomes?

10. Assessment Framework for PPGIS Convening ConstructsProcess ConstructsOutcome Constructs Social-Institutional Influence Group Participant Influence Data and Tool Influence Task Outcomes Social Outcomes AppropriationGroup Process Emergent Influence Public Participation as Social Interaction using Participatory GIS Tools (Nyerges & Jankowski, 1997, 2001)

11. Assessing Convening Constructs Social-institutional influence Power and control Convening influence Rules and norms

12. Assessing Convening Constructs Group participant Influence Participant values Knowledge of subject domain Attitudes towards technology

13. Assessing Convening Constructs Data and Tool Influence Availability of relevant data Availability of information aids

14. Public participation as social interaction using GIS tools Appropriation Group process Emergent influence

15. Summary of assessment framework Assess:  Problem context  Participatory process  Expected outcomes

16. Design Considerations Setting Synchronous | Asynchronous Group Size Small | Large Technology Simple | Complex

17. Eliciting participant information needs  In-depth interviews with a diverse sample of participants  Personas – fictional composites that adequately represent the spectrum of diversity in backgrounds and perspectives among the stakeholders

18. Identifying data and tools  Data and tools as function of participant information needs and process requirements  Process requirements guide the selection of tools supporting information flow

19. Integrating data and tools  Process requirements  Technological arrangements

20. Design example: community-based water protection zoning

22. Design example: Participatory Geographic Information System for Transportation (PGIST)

23. Step 1Discuss [Transportation] Concerns 1a: Brainstorm Concerns 1b: Review Summaries Step 2Review Planning Factors 2a: Review Planning Factors 2b: Weigh Planning Factors Step 3Create Packages 3a: Review Projects 3b: Review Funding options 3c: Create your own package Step 4Evaluate Candidate Packages 4a: Review Candidate Packages 4b: Vote Step 5Prepare Group Report Participatory Process:

24. Step 1Discuss [Transportation] Concerns 1a: Brainstorm Concerns 1b: Review Summaries Step 2Review Planning Factors 2a: Review Planning Factors 2b: Weigh Planning Factors Step 3Create Packages 3a: Review Projects 3b: Review Funding options 3c: Create your own package Step 4Evaluate Candidate Packages 4a: Review Candidate Packages 4b: Vote Step 5Prepare Group Report Agenda Builder Value Organizer Alternative Generator Choice Modeler Summary Generator

25. Future Challenges Research Questions  What are effective ways of eliciting public values and perspectives in different problem settings?  How to combine formal knowledge with informal knowledge?  How to assess costs and benefits of technology in order to make good design choices?

26. Acknowledgements Timothy Nyerges and the entire PGIST research team from University of Washington, University of Wyoming and San Diego State University Amy Owen, Delta State University NSF Information Technology Research Program

27. References Jankowski, P., T. Nyerges, S. Robischon, K. Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006. Design Consideration and Evaluation of a Collaborative, Spatio-Temporal Decision Support System, Transactions in GIS, 10(3): 335-354 Nyerges, T., P. Jankowski, K. Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006. Collaborative Water Resource Decision Support: Results of a Field Experiment, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96(4): 699-725 Jankowski, P., and T. Nyerges. 2001. GIS for Group Decision Making. Taylor & Francis, London Nyerges, T. and P. Jankowski, 1997. Enhanced Adoptive Structuration Theory: A theory of GIS-supported Collaborative Decision Making, Geographical Systems, 4:3, pp. 225- 257