1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-1 Chapter Six: Merchandising Activities

2. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-2 Operating Cycle of a Merchandising Company 1. Purchase of merchandise 3. Collection of the receivables 2. Sale of merchandise on account Cash Inventory Accounts Receivable

3. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-3 Comparing Merchandising Activities with Manufacturing Activities Merchandising Company Purchase inventory in ready-to-sell condition. Manufacturing Company Manufacture inventory and have a longer and more complex operating cycle.

4. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-4 Retailers and Wholesalers Retailers sell merchandise directly to the public. Wholesalers buy merchandise from several different manufacturers and then sell this merchandise to several retailers.

5. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-5 Income Statement of a Merchandising Company Cost of goods sold represents the expense of goods that are sold to customers. Gross profit is a useful means of measuring the profitability of sales transactions.

6. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-6 Accounting Systems Requirements for Merchandising Companies Although general ledger accounts provide useful information, they do not provide much of the detailed information needed in the daily business operations. Who owes us money?

7. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-7 Accounting Systems Requirements for Merchandising Companies Control Account Subsidiary Ledgers

8. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-8 Two Approaches Used in Accounting for Merchandise Transactions Perpetual Inventory System Periodic Inventory System

9. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-9 Perpetual Inventory Systems The inventory account is continuously updated to reflect items on hand. Let’s look at some entries!

10. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-10 Perpetual Inventory Systems On September 5, Worley Co. purchased 100 laser lights for resale for $30 per unit from Electronic City on account.

11. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-11 Perpetual Inventory Systems On September 10, Worley Co. sold 10 laser lights for $50 per unit on account to ABC Radios. 10  $30 = $300

12. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-12 Perpetual Inventory Systems Cost Retail On September 10, Worley Co. sold 10 laser lights for $50 per unit on account to ABC Radios.

13. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-13 Perpetual Inventory Systems On September 15, Worley Co. paid Electronic City $3,000 for the September 5 purchase.

14. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-14 Perpetual Inventory Systems On September 22, Worley Co. received $500 from ABC Radios as payment in full for their purchase on September 10.

15. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-15 Taking a Physical Inventory In order to ensure the accuracy of their perpetual records, most businesses take a complete physical count of the merchandise on hand at least once a year.

16. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-16 Taking a Physical Inventory Reasonable amounts of inventory shrinkage are viewed as a normal cost of doing business. Examples include breakage, spoilage and theft. On December 31, Worley Co. counts its inventory. An inventory shortage of $2,000 is discovered.

17. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-17 Closing Entries in a Perpetual Inventory System  Close Revenue accounts (including Sales) to Income Summary.  Close Expense accounts (including Cost of Goods Sold) to Income Summary.  Close Income Summary account to Retained Earnings.  Close Dividends to Retained Earnings. The closing entries are the same!

18. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-18 Next is the periodic inventory system!

19. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-19 Periodic Inventory Systems No effort is made to keep up-to-date records of either inventory or cost of goods sold. Let’s look at some entries!

20. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-20 Periodic Inventory Systems On September 5, Worley Co. purchased 100 laser lights for resale for $30 per unit from Electronic City on account. Notice that no entry is made to Inventory.

21. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-21 Periodic Inventory Systems On September 10, Worley Co. sold 10 laser lights for $50 per unit on account to ABC Radios. Retail

22. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-22 Periodic Inventory Systems On September 15, Worley Co. paid Electronic City $3,000 for the September 5 purchase.

23. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-23 Periodic Inventory Systems On September 22, Worley Co. received $500 from ABC Radios as payment in full for their purchase on September 10.

24. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-24 Computing Cost of Goods Sold The accounting records of Party Supply show the following: Inventory, Jan. 1, 2006 $ 14,000 Purchases (during 2006) 130,000 The accounting records of Party Supply show the following: Inventory, Jan. 1, 2006 $ 14,000 Purchases (during 2006) 130,000 At December 31, 2006, Party Supply counted the merchandise on hand at $12,000. Calculate Party Supply’s cost of goods sold for 2006.

25. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-25 Computing Cost of Goods Sold Cost of Goods Sold can be calculated as follows:

26. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-26 Creating a Cost of Goods Sold Account Now, Party Supply must create the Cost of Goods Sold account.

27. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-27 Creating a Cost of Goods Sold Account Now, Party Supply must record the ending inventory amount.

28. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-28 Completing the Closing Process  Close Revenue accounts (including Sales) to Income Summary.  Close Expense accounts (including Cost of Goods Sold) to Income Summary.  Close Income Summary account to Retained Earnings.  Close Dividends to Retained Earnings. The closing entries are the same!

29. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-29 Selecting an Inventory System

30. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-30 Credit Terms and Cash Discounts 2/10, n/30 Read as: “Two ten, net thirty” When manufacturers and wholesalers sell their products on account, the credit terms are stated in the invoice.

31. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-31 Credit Terms and Cash Discounts 2/10, n/30 Percentage of Discount # of Days Discount Is Available Otherwise, the Full Amount Is Due # of Days when Full Amount Is Due

32. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-32 Recording Purchases at Net Cost Purchases are recorded at their net amounts. Purchase Discounts Lost are recorded when payment is made outside the discount period. Net Method

33. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-33 Recording Purchases at Net Cost On July 6, Play Clothes purchased $4,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30 from Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

34. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-34 Recording Purchases at Net Cost $4,000  98% = $3,920 On July 6, Play Clothes purchased $4,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30 from Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

35. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-35 Recording Purchases at Net Cost On July 15, Play Clothes pays the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

36. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-36 Recording Purchases at Net Cost On July 15, Play Clothes pays the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

37. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-37 Recording Purchases at Net Cost Now, assume that Play Clothes waited until July 20 to pay the amount due in full to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

38. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-38 Recording Purchases at Net Cost Nonoperating Expense Now, assume that Play Clothes waited until July 20 to pay the amount due in full to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

39. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-39 Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price Purchases are recorded at their gross amounts. Purchase discounts taken are recorded when payment is made inside the discount period. Gross Method

40. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-40 Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price On July 6, Play Clothes purchased $4,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30 from Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

41. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-41 Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price On July 6, Play Clothes purchased $4,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30 from Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

42. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-42 Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price On July 15, Play Clothes pays the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

43. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-43 Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price Reduces Cost of Goods Sold $4,000  98% = $3,920 On July 15, Play Clothes pays the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

44. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-44 Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price Now, assume that Play Clothes waited until July 20 to pay the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

45. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-45 Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price Now, assume that Play Clothes waited until July 20 to pay the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

46. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-46 Returns of Unsatisfactory Merchandise On August 5, Play Clothes returned $500 of unsatisfactory merchandise purchased from Kid’s Clothes on credit terms of 2/10, n/30. The purchase was originally recorded at net cost. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

47. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-47 Returns of Unsatisfactory Merchandise $500  98% = $490 On August 5, Play Clothes returned $500 of unsatisfactory merchandise purchased from Kid’s Clothes on credit terms of 2/10, n/30. The purchase was originally recorded at net cost. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.

48. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-48 Transportation Costs on Purchases Transportation costs related to the acquisition of assets are part of the cost of the asset being acquired.

49. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-49 Now, let’s talk about sales!

50. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-50 Transactions Relating to Sales Credit terms and merchandise returns affect the amount of revenue earned by the seller.

51. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-51 Sales On August 2, Kid’s Clothes sold $2,000 of merchandise to Play Clothes on credit terms 2/10, n/30. Kid’s Clothes originally paid $1,000 for the merchandise. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries.

52. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-52 Sales On August 2, Kid’s Clothes sold $2,000 of merchandise to Play Clothes on credit terms 2/10, n/30. Kid’s Clothes originally paid $1,000 for the merchandise. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries.

53. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-53 Sales Returns and Allowances On August 5, Play Clothes returned $500 of unsatisfactory merchandise to Kid’s Clothes from the August 2 sale. Kid’s Clothes cost for this merchandise was $250. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries. Contra-revenue

54. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-54 On August 5, Play Clothes returned $500 of unsatisfactory merchandise to Kid’s Clothes from the August 2 sale. Kid’s Clothes cost for this merchandise was $250. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries. Sales Returns and Allowances

55. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-55 Sales On July 6, Kid’s Clothes sold $4,000 of merchandise to Play Clothes on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30. The merchandise originally cost Kid’s Clothes $2,000. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries.

56. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-56 Sales On July 6, Kid’s Clothes sold $4,000 of merchandise to Play Clothes on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30. The merchandise originally cost Kid’s Clothes $2,000. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries.

57. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-57 Sales Discounts On July 15, Kid’s Clothes receives the full amount due from Play Clothes from the July 6 sale. Prepare the journal entry for Kid’s Clothes.

58. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-58 Sales Discounts $4,000  98% = $3,920 Contra-revenue On July 15, Kid’s Clothes receives the full amount due from Play Clothes from the July 6 sale. Prepare the journal entry for Kid’s Clothes.

59. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-59 Sales Discounts Now, assume that it wasn’t until July 20 that Kid’s Clothes received the full amount due from Play Clothes from the July 6 sale. Prepare the journal entry for Kid’s Clothes.

60. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-60 Sales Discounts Now, assume that it wasn’t until July 20 that Kid’s Clothes received the full amount due from Play Clothes from the July 6 sale. Prepare the journal entry for Kid’s Clothes.

61. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-61 Delivery Expenses Delivery costs incurred by sellers are debited to Delivery Expense, an operating expense.

62. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-62 Accounting for Sales Taxes Businesses collect sales tax at the point of sale. Then, they remit the tax to the appropriate governmental agency at times specified by law. $1,000 sale  7% tax = $70 sales tax

63. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-63 Modifying an Accounting System Most businesses use special journals rather than a general journal to record routine transactions that occur frequently.

64. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-64 Financial Analysis Net Sales Gross Profit Margins Trends over time Comparable store sales Sales per square foot of selling space Trends over time Comparable store sales Sales per square foot of selling space Gross profit  Net sales Overall gross profit margin Gross profit margins by department and products Gross profit  Net sales Overall gross profit margin Gross profit margins by department and products

65. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-65 End of Chapter Six