1. Introduction to Physical Science Chemistry Physics Earth Science Space Science Mathematics

2. Pre-quiz 1 1. Name two characteristics of matter that are not shared by energy. 2. Which metric unit is used to measure each of the following? Metric units are the gram, the liter, and the meter. a. Distance b. Mass c. Length d. Volume

3. 3.How many grams are in a kilogram? How many centimeters are in a meter? 4. You have been given an index card and a ruler. Measure the length and width of the index card in centimeters. 5. In the scientific method, what is a hypothesis?

4. The Nature of Science Objectives: Describe the main branches of natural science and their relationships Describe the relationship between science and technology Distinguish between scientific laws and scientific theories Explain the roles of models and mathematics in scientific theories and laws

5. Science is a process!!! Investigate Plan Experiments- state the idea you are going to test Observe – Recorded observations are called data Test results *Science starts with a question!

6. Example Observation PredictionExperimentQuestion Hypothesis Both poisonous coral snakes and nonpoisonous kingsnakes have red, yellow, and black rings. What is the function of the kingsnakes’ mimicry of coral snakes? Mimicry of coral snakes helps protect the kingsnake from predators. If predators confuse kingsnakes with coral snakes, then predators should attack fewer ringed artificial snakes than brown artificial snakes. Compare data on attacks on ringed versus brown artificial snakes.

7. Forming and testing a hypothesis Hypothesis-is a suggested answer to a well- defined scientific question-an explanation on trial. – A hypothesis is often based on past experience or knowledge gained from discovery science or other sources

8. Forming a hypothesis A hypothesis allows you to make certain predictions. You can then test these predictions. Predictions are written as an “If…, then …” statement. An incorrect hypothesis doesn’t mean failure. – The hypothesis that led to the prediction may be wrong Inquiry continues with tests of alternative hypotheses.

9. Observations and Data Quantitative- recorded measurements, based on the metric system Qualitative-data in the form of descriptions instead of measurements

10. What is science? Science is: – Observing, studying, and experimenting to find the nature of things. Science- the knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested

11. Two main branches – Social science, individual and group human behavior – Natural science, how “nature” or the “whole universe” behaves Natural science – Life science, physical science, earth science

12. Interconnectedness of branches of science Natural Science Biological Science of living things BotanyZoology Physical Science of matter and energy Physicschemistry Earth Science of Earth GeologyMeteorology

13. Science and technology Pure science- learning more about the world, the continuing search for scientific knowledge Technology- the application of science for practical purposes

14. Scientific Laws Scientific Law- a summary of many experimental results and observations; A law tells how things work. It allows predictions to be made about how a system will behave under a wide range of conditions.

15. Scientific Theory Scientific Theory- an explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning To be valid a theory must: – Explain observations clearly and consistently – Must be repeatable – One must be able to predict from the theory

16. Mathematics Scientific laws and theories can be stated as mathematical equations, quantitative statements Mathematics is the language of science, it is universal A=l x w (Area of Rectangle) F=G(m 1 m 2 /d 2 ) (Universal Gravity) – Gravitational attraction is described as a force that varies depending on the mass of objects and the distance the separates them

17. Models A “mental picture” or a set of rules that describes what something does. Models are used to represent real situations and to make predictions.

18. The Way Science Works Objectives – Understand how to use critical thinking skills to solve problems – Describe the steps of the scientific method – Know some of the tools scientists use to investigate nature – Explain the objective of a consistent system of units, and identify the SI units for length, mass, and time – Identify what each common SI prefix represents, and convert measurements

19. Critical thinking The ability and willingness to assess claims critically and to make judgments on the basis of objective and supported reasons

20. Scientific Method A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. *There is no single scientific method. It is a way of thinking critically about a question and testing possible answers to that question by collecting data and making unbiased observations.

21. Proper experimentation Variable- a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis Controlled experiment- all variables that can affect the outcome of the experiment are kept constant, or controlled, except for one.

22. Presenting results When presenting results in a table, the independent variable is listed first, the dependent variable(s) next. When we present our results in a graph, the independent variable is on the X axis, the dependent variable is on the Y axis.

23. Experiment example: we test three types of vinegars. Add 10 ml of vinegar to a test tube, and 2 grams of baking soda to each 1.2. 3. 4. 1.White vinegar-positive control because we know it will fizz 2.Red wine vinegar 3.Cider vinegar 4.Water-negative control because we know it won’t fizz

24. Results VinegarHeight of bubbles White7 cm Red wine4 cm Cider5 cm Water0 cm

25. Units of Measurement Science requires accurate observations Mathematics is the universal language of science International System of Units, (SI) SI units are used for consistency

26. Base Units QuantityUnitAbbreviation LengthMeterm MassKilogramkg TimeSeconds TemperatureKelvinK Electric currentAmpereA Amount of substance Molemol Luminous intensity Candelacd

27. Prefixes for large measurements PrefixSymbolMeaningMultiple of base units kilo-kThousand1000 mega-MMillion1000000 giga-GBillion1000000000

28. Prefixes used for small measurements PrefixSymbolMeaningMultiple of base units deci-dTenth0.1 centi-cmHundredth0.01 milli-mThousandth0.001 micro-μMillionth0.000001 nano-nBillionth.000000001

29. Converting to a smaller unit Multiply measurement to get a larger number!!! – Ex, convert 1.85m to cm 1.85m x 100cm/1m =185cm

30. Converting to a larger unit Divide the measurements to get a smaller number!!! – Ex, convert 185cm to m 185cm x 1m/100cm = 1.85m

31. Homework Practice problems 1-8