1. A screening facility for next generation low-background experiments Tom Shutt Laura Cadonati Princeton University

2. Why? Next generation experiments require large advances in lower backgrounds. –Dark Matter. 4 orders of magnitude needed. –Solar Neutrinos < 1 MeV. –Double Beta decay Major effort on sophisticated detectors. Why not a major effort on backgrounds? We need much better diagnostics!

3. Current state of the art Ge detectors, Cu and Pb shielding –Gran Sasso, Oroville –Best case: U, Th 50 ppt; K 50 ppb Chemical assays, NAA for U, Th, K –With major effort, U, Th at ≈ ppt; K≈ ppb Specialized concentration has done better (Munich) –Problems Reliability Tiny sample size (≈g) Insensitivity to dust

4. Water shield SS Sphere 6-8 m Ø scintillator PMTs ≈ 100 Sample 20 cm Ø, 40 cm long Plastic - 13 Kg plastic Cu - 110 Kg “Mini-me” version of Borexino Whole-body counting of sample 14 C sets threshold near 250 KeV A new facility

5. Purification of scintillator Non-polar solvent –Extremely low solubility for ionic impurities Purification methods developed –Distillation –Water extraction –N2 stripping –Solid-column adsorption Expect at least: –10 -16 g/g U,Th –10 -14 g/g K.

6. Sensitive to: Photons emerging Betas, alphas on surface –If sample is attacked by scintillator: Seal in ≈ 50 µm film of nylon Not sensitive to alphas Alphas distinguished by pulse-shape Betas and photons distinguished by event shape

7. Backgrounds Estimates based on Borexino work –PMTs - dominant –Nylon vessel (≈ ppt U, Th; 20 ppb K) –Nylon plumbing (≈ 50 ppb K) –Scintillator (Borexino goal: 10 -16 g/g U,Th) Dominant radioactivity is external, so use position reconstruction.

8. Fiducial Volume PMT background Signal Fiducial cut Vessel radius Radius (cm) ∆x ≈ 10 cm at 1 MeV

9. Background –Same as 95 % CL with no counts. At 30 days counting, have ≈ 3 counts.  “Background free” detector

10. Photons detected outside sample Inside sample Outside sample Threshold sample Detected energy Energy Absorbed in sample scintillator This simulation: Ge sphere Ø 20 cm M = 22 Kg

11. Detection efficiency vs. Energy Reasonably good for E > 500 KeV

12. Consider equilibrium U chain Total Counts/day: 0.15 total 0.10 fiducial Rate outside 22 Kg Ge sphere with 10 -14 g/g U

13. U, as detected ∆E ≈ 8% at 1 MeV

14. U and background

15. Sensitivity Total background: 0.1 counts/day, E > 250 keV U,Th, K Contamination limits, g/g: Continuum background of Compton photons: Surface  emitters, E > 250 keV: 0.8 cnts/day/m 2 –(not sensitive to  ’s if need to seal sample in film) 1 day counting30 days counting U 3 E-13 1 E-14 Th 8 E-13 4 E-14 K 2 E-9 8 E-11 1 day counting2 E-4 counts/Kg/keV/day 30 days counting6 E-6 counts/Kg/keV/day

16. Photon sensitivity 10 -5 (cnts/kg/keV/day) 10 -5 10 -14 g/g U At ≈ MeV, good sensitivity to all photons. Below 500 keV, reduced sensitivity. Emergent continuum rate ≈ internal continuum rate Inside sample Outside sample

17. What this won’t do Internal beta, alpha contamination High resolution measurement of lines –Modest ability to distinguish contamination, especially if several contaminants Low energy photons: –Reduced efficiency < 500 keV –Zero efficiency < 250 keV

18. Conclusion Can be built with existing technology 5000 - fold increase in sensitivity –Old: U,Th ≈ 50 ppt –New: U, Th ≈ 0.01 ppt Essential for next generation low E solar DM,  experiments. Unique opportunity with new National Underground Lab.