1. BitTorrent Nathan Marz Raylene Yung

2. BitTorrent BitTorrent consists of two protocols – Tracker HTTP protocol (THP) How an agent joins a swarm How an agent learns of other agents in the swarm – Peer Wire Protocol (PWP) How agents connect with each other (handshake) How agents tell each other what data they have How agents request and send data We focused on this part of the protocol

3. Peer Wire Protocol Messages Msg NameSenderRecipientPayload CHOKEPeer1Remote peer UNCHOKEPeer1Remote peer INTERESTEDPeer1Remote peer UNINTERESTEDPeer1Remote peer HAVEPeer1Peer2indexthe index of a piece that Peer1 has successfully downloaded and validated BITFIELDPeer1Peer2BitfieldContains bitfield of pieces successfully downloaded by Peer1 REQUESTPeer1Peer2 Used to identify specific block PIECEPeer1Peer2 CANCELPeer1Peer2 Used to identify specific block

4. Overview PRISM is not a natural way to define distributed protocols with non-deterministic adversary Presentation: 1.Overview of challenges of modeling a complicated protocol in PRISM 2.Techniques we used to overcome these challenges 3.Results

5. Generating PRISM Model We wrote PHP Script – Always generates: One seeder One attacker – Takes parameters: # Agents # Pieces # Blocks per Piece

6. Issues with PRISM Problem #1: We want to model logical structures like: If received block “l” for piece “p” If all blocks downloaded for “p” if all blocks for “p” verify set status of “p” to dl/verified else clear all blocks for “p” PRISM only allows commands of the following form: [condition] -> [probability distribution of results]

7. Issues with PRISM Solution: Hierarchical commands Cond: a = 1 Result: 0.5: a’=0 + 0.5: a’=2 Cond: b = 1 & c=1 Result: c’=2 Cond: b=2 Result: c’=3 Cond: ELSE Result: NULL [] a=1 & b=1 & c=1 -> 0.5: (a’=0) & (c’=2) + 0.5: (a’=2) & (c’=2); [] a=1 & b=2 -> 0.5: (a’=0) & (c’=3) + 0.5: (a’=2) & (c’=3); [] a=1 & !(b=1 & c=1) & !(b=2) -> 0.5: (a’=0) + 0.5: (a’=2); ELSE Conjunction of negations of siblings

8. Issues with PRISM Problem #2: ONLY the attacker can be nondeterministic AND all agents must be able to make progress at the same time If agents are nondeterministic: – “Attacks” PRISM finds will include attacker’s decisions and agent’s decisions – This doesn’t make sense Attacker should only be allowed to do a certain amount of actions before letting the agents process their state/make requests/etc.

9. Issues with PRISM Solution Part 1: – Simulation is turn based – Turn counter increments from agent 0 to agent 1 to agent 2, etc. and eventually back to agent 0 Cond: turn=0 Result: NULL Cond:ELSE Result: turn’=1 (... Tasks for agent 0 …)

10. Issues with PRISM Solution Part 2: Force agent to execute tasks in sequence – Takes advantage of most tasks being self- contained and independent Ex: If I received an “interested” message from agent “2”, set internal state of “thinks_agent_2_is_interested” to true Ex: If I think agent “2” has a block, make a request for that block with random probability – Implemented with a “counter” variable

11. Issues with PRISM Solution Part 2 Cond: turn=0 Result: NULL Cond:ELSE Result: turn’=1 & counter’=0 Cond: counter=0 Result: counter’=1 Cond: counter=1 Result: counter’=2 Cond: ELSE Result: NULL Cond: ELSE Result: NULL (Task 1) (Task 2)

12. Issues with PRISM Problem #3: State space must be kept small or else PRISM runs out of memory – Various optimizations were made to reduce state space: 1.Counter variable instead of boolean flag for whether task was done during turn 2.Seeder doesn’t send requests and agents don’t send blocks to seeder – Maximum feasible model was (unfortunately): 2 agents 2 pieces 1 blocks 1 seeder 1 attacker Anything bigger causes PRISM to run out of memory

13. Sample Code

15. Results Our feasible model is too small to simulate any realistic scenario – Key part of attacks is #blocks/piece – # agents changes how attacks would work – In realistic scenario, agents are downloading from many different peers

16. Rational Reconstruction Handshaking protocol – Attackers can easily change agents perception of other agents (what pieces they have, what pieces they are interested in) – When something unusual happens, agents break connections – When connection reestablished they reset their perceptions

17. Rational Reconstruction Verify message consistency – BitTorrent protocol is unclear about what to do when a message is received – Example: What happens when an agent receives a “Piece” message? An agent should verify that they made a request for that data from the source IP address Otherwise, it could be an attacker sending bad data – Similar verification of IP addresses should occur with other BitTorrent messages

18. DOS Opportunity in BitTorrent Honest agent Good block Bad block If an attacker can cause an agent to accept one bad block, the agent needs to re-download entire piece! There are typically 200 blocks per piece by default! #blocks/piece is a speed/security tradeoff

19. Conclusion BitTorrent is too large and complicated to be analyzed by model checker More feasible approach would be to define specific attacks and use simulation to estimate their efficiency The conditions under which to accept data should be stricter than described in RFC