1. Portable Operating System Interface Thread Yukai Hung a0934147@gmail.com Department of Mathematics National Taiwan University Yukai Hung a0934147@gmail.com Department of Mathematics National Taiwan University

2. POSIX Thread Basic

3. 3 What is process? What is thread? - a thread of execution is the smallest unit of processing that can be scheduled by operating system, which is contained inside a process - multiple threads can exist within the same process and share resources, while different processes do not share the resources How to create new process? - use system function fork(), which creates a copy of itself - parent and child process can tell each other apart by examining the return value of fork() system function (non-zero or zero value)

4. 4 POSIX Thread Basic int pthread_create(…) create new thread with specified thread attributes and execute thread function with specified function arguments http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/pthread_create.html void pthread_exit(…) terminate the current calling thread and makes the return value pointer available to any successful join with the terminating thread http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/pthread_exit.html int pthread_join(…) suspend the execution of the current calling thread or process until the target thread terminates, unless the target thread has already terminated http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/pthread_join.html

5. 5 POSIX Thread Basic #include int main(int argc,char** argv) { int error1; int error2; int input1; int input2; int return1; int return2; pthread_t thread1; pthread_t thread2; input1=1; input2=2; error1=pthread_create(&thread1,NULL,tfunction,(void*)&input1); error2=pthread_create(&thread2,NULL,tfunction,(void*)&input2);

6. 6 POSIX Thread Basic if(error1!=0||error2!=0) printf(“Error:thread create\n”); error1=pthread_join(thread1,(void*)&return1); error2=pthread_join(thread2,(void*)&return2); if(error1!=0||error2!=0) printf(“Error:thread join\n”); printf(“thread 1 return %d\n”,return1)); printf(“thread 2 return %d\n”,return2)); return 0; }

7. 7 POSIX Thread Basic void* tfunction(void* input) { printf(“thread %d is executing\n”,*((int*)input)); pthread_exit((void*)1); }

8. 8 POSIX Thread Basic int pthread_equal(…) compare two threads from two thread handles http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/pthread_equal.html pthread_t pthread_self(…) return the thread handle of the current calling thread http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908775/xsh/pthread_self.html int pthread_cancel(…) request the thread be canceled, the target threads cancelability states and types determines when the cancellation takes effects http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908775/xsh/pthread_cancel.html

9. 9 POSIX Thread Basic void pthread_cleanup_push(…) the function shall push the specified cancellation cleanup handler handler routine onto the calling threads cancellation cleanup stack http://linux.die.net/man/3/pthread_cleanup_push void pthread_cleanup_pop(…) the function shall remove the routine at the top of calling cleanup thread cancellation stack and optionally invoke it (if input is non-zero) http://linux.die.net/man/3/pthread_cleanup_pop

10. 10 POSIX Thread Basic #include int main(int argc,char** argv) { int rvalue; pthread_t thread; if(pthread_create(&thread,NULL,tfunction,(void*)1)!=0) printf(“Error:thread create\n”); if(pthread_join(thread,(void*)&rvalue)!=0) printf(“Error:thread join\n”); printf(“thread return %d\n”,rvalue)); return 0; }

11. 11 POSIX Thread Basic void* tfunction(void* input) { printf(“thread start\n”); pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup,"thread first handler"); pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup,"thread second handler"); printf("thread push complete\n"); pthread_cleanup_pop(1); return (void*)1; } void cleanup(void* string) { printf(“cleanup:%s\n”,(char*)string); return; }

12. Race Condition and Mutex Lock

13. 13 Consider the following parallel program - threads are almost impossibly executed at the same time Race Condition and Mutex Lock

14. 14 Scenario 1 - the result value R is 2 if the initial value R is 1 Race Condition and Mutex Lock

15. 15 Scenario 2 - the result value R is 2 if the initial value R is 1 Race Condition and Mutex Lock

16. 16 Scenario 3 - the result value R is 3 if the initial value R is 1 Race Condition and Mutex Lock

17. 17 Solve the race condition by Locking - manage the shared resource between threads - avoid the deadlock or unbalanced problems Race Condition and Mutex Lock

18. 18 Guarantee the executed instruction order is correct - the problem is back to the sequential procedure - lock and release procedure have high overhead Race Condition and Mutex Lock

19. 19 Solve the race condition by Semaphore - multi-value locking method (binary locking extension) - instructions in procedure P and V are atomic operations Race Condition and Mutex Lock

20. 20 Race Condition and Mutex Lock #include int main(int argc,char** argv) { int value; int error1; int error2; pthread_t thread1; pthread_t thread2; value=0; error1=pthread_create(&thread1,NULL,tfunction,(void*)&value); error2=pthread_create(&thread2,NULL,tfunction,(void*)&value); if(error1!=0||error2!=0) printf(“Error:thread create\n”);

21. 21 Race Condition and Mutex Lock error1=pthread_join(thread1,NULL); error2=pthread_join(thread2,NULL); if(error1!=0||error2!=0) printf(“Error:thread join\n”); printf(“final result is %d\n”,value)); return 0; } void* tfunction(void* input) { *((int*)input)=*((int*)input)+1; return NULL; }

22. 22 Race Condition and Mutex Lock int pthread_mutex_init(…) initialize the mutex referenced by mutex with specified attributes initialize an already initialized mutex results in undefined behavior http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908775/xsh/pthread_mutex_init.html int pthread_mutex_destroy(…) destroy the previously initialized mutex lock the mutex must not be used after it has been destroyed http://www.mkssoftware.com/docs/man3/pthread_mutex_destroy.3.asp

23. 23 Race Condition and Mutex Lock int pthread_mutex_lock(…) lock the specified initialized mutex. if the mutex is already locked, the calling thread blocks until he mutex becomes available or unlock http://www.mkssoftware.com/docs/man3/pthread_mutex_lock.3.asp int pthread_mutex_unlock(…) attempt to unlock the specified mutex. If there are threads blocked on the mutex object when unlock function is calling, resulting in the mutex becoming available the scheduling policy is used to determine which thread acquire the mutex http://www.mkssoftware.com/docs/man3/pthread_mutex_unlock.3.asp int pthread_mutex_trylock(…) try to lock the specified mutex. If the mutex is already locked, an error is returned, otherwise, the operation returns with the mutex in the locked state with the calling thread as its owner http://www.mkssoftware.com/docs/man3/pthread_mutex_trylock.3.asp

24. 24 Race Condition and Mutex Lock #include pthread_mutex_t work_mutex; int main(int argc,char** argv) { int value; int error1; int error2; pthread_t thread1; pthread_t thread2; value=0; if(pthread_mutex_init(&work_mutex,NULL)!=0) printf(“Error:work mutex create\n”);

25. 25 Race Condition and Mutex Lock error1=pthread_create(&thread1,NULL,tfunction,(void*)&value); error2=pthread_create(&thread2,NULL,tfunction,(void*)&value); if(error1!=0||error2!=0) printf(“Error:thread create\n”); error1=pthread_join(thread1,NULL); error2=pthread_join(thread2,NULL); if(error1!=0||error2!=0) printf(“Error:thread join\n”); printf(“final result is %d\n”,value); if(pthread_mutex_destroy(&work_mutex)!=0) printf(“Error:work mutex destroy\n”); return 0; }

26. 26 Race Condition and Mutex Lock void* tfunction(void* input) { int* value; if(pthread_mutex_lock(&work_mutex)!=0) printf(“Error:lock work mutex\n”); *((int*)input)=*((int*)input)+1; if(pthread_mutex_unlock(&work_mutex)!=0) printf(“Error:work mutex unlock\n”); return NULL; }

27. Signal and Condition Variable

28. 28 Signal and Condition Variable int pthread_cond_init(…) initialize the condition variable referenced by cond with specified attributes initialize an already initialized condition variable results in undefined behavior http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908775/xsh/pthread_cond_init.html int pthread_cond_destroy(…) destroy the previously initialized condition variable the condition variable must not be used after it has been destroyed

29. 29 Signal and Condition Variable int loop=1; pthread_cond_t cond; pthread_mutex_t mutex; int main(int argc,char** argv) { pthread_t thread1; pthread_t thread2; pthread_cond_init(&cond,NULL); pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,NULL); pthread_create(&thread1,NULL,fthread1,(void *)NULL); pthread_create(&thread2,NULL,fthread2,(void *)NULL); pthread_join(thread1,NULL); pthread_join(thread2,NULL); pthread_cond_destroy(&cond); pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex); return 0; }

30. 30 Signal and Condition Variable void* fthread1(void* input) { for(loop=1;loop<=9;loop++) { pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); if(loop%3==0) pthread_cond_signal(&cond); else printf("thread1:%d\n",loop); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); sleep(1); } return NULL; };

31. 31 Signal and Condition Variable void* fthread2(void* input) { while(loop<9) { pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); if(loop%3!=0) pthread_cond_wait(&cond,&mutex); printf("thread2:%d\n",loop); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); sleep(1); } return NULL; };

32. Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU

33. 33 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU A host thread can maintain one context at a time - need as many host threads as GPUs to maintain all device - multiple host threads can establish context with the same GPU hardware diver handles time-sharing and resource partitioning host thread 0host thread 1host thread 2 host memory device 0device 1device 2

34. 34 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU cudaGetDeviceCount() returns the number of devices on the current system with compute, capability greater or equal to 1.0, that are available for execution cudaSetDevice() set the specific device on which the active host thread executes the device code. If the host thread has already initialized he cuda runtime by calling non-device management runtime functions, returns error must be called prior to context creation, fails if the context has already been established, one can forces the context creation with cudaFree(0) cudaGetDevice(…) returns the device on which the active host thread executes the code

35. 35 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU #include #define MaxDevice 8 int main(int argc,char** argv) { int size; int loop; int devicecount; float* h_veca; float* h_vecb; float* h_vecc; pthread_t threadt[MaxDevice]; pthread_c threadc[MaxDevice]; size=32000*4; h_veca=(float*)malloc(sizeof(float)*size); h_vecb=(float*)malloc(sizeof(float)*size); h_vecc=(float*)malloc(sizeof(float)*size);

36. 36 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU for(loop=0;loop<size;loop++) { h_veca[loop]=1.0f; h_vecb[loop]=2.0f; h_vecc[loop]=0.0f; } cudaGetDeviceCount(&devicecount); devicecount=(devicecount>MaxDevice)?MaxDevice:devicecount; printf(“device number is %d\n”,devicecount); for(loop=0;loop<devicecount;loop++) { threadc[loop].index=loop; threadc[loop].subsz=size/devicecount; threadc[loop].hveca=h_veca+loop*subsz; threadc[loop].hvecb=h_vecb+loop*subsz; threadc[loop].hvecc=h_vecc+loop*subsz; } for(loop=0;loop<devicecount;loop++) pthread_create(threadt+loop,NULL,tfunction,(void*)(threadc+loop));

37. 37 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU for(loop=0;loop<devicecount;loop++) pthread_join(threadt[loop],NULL); for(loop=0;loop<size;loop++) if(h_vecc[loop]!=3.0f) printf(“Error:check result\n”); free(h_veca); free(h_vecb); free(h_vecc); return 0; }; struct pthread_c { int index; int subsz; float* hveca; float* hvecb; float* hvecc; };

38. 38 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU void* tfunction(void* content) { int index; int subsz; int gsize; int bsize; float *hveca,*dveca; float *hvecb,*dvecb; float *hvecc,*dvecc; index=(*((pthread_c*)content)).index; subsz=(*((pthread_c*)content)).subsz; hveca=(*((pthread_c*)content)).hveca; hvecb=(*((pthread_c*)content)).hvecb; hvecc=(*((pthread_c*)content)).hvecc; printf(“thread %d start!\n”,index); //for(int loop=0;loop<subsz;loop++) //hvecc[loop]=hveca[loop]+hvecb[loop]; cudaSetDevice(index);

39. 39 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU cudaMalloc((void**)&dveca,sizeof(float)*subsz); cudaMalloc((void**)&dvecb,sizeof(float)*subsz); cudaMalloc((void**)&dvecc,sizeof(float)*subsz); cudaMemcpy(dveca,hveca,sizeof(float)*subsz,cudaMemcpyHostToDevice); cudaMemcpy(dvecb,hvecb,sizeof(float)*subsz,cudaMemcpyHostToDevice); bsize=256; gsize=(int)ceil((float)subsz/256); vecAdd >>(dveca,dvecb,dvecc,subsz); cudaMemcpy(hvecc,dvecc,sizeof(float)*subsz,cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost); cudaFree(dveca); cudaFree(dvecb); cudaFree(dvecc); cudaError_t error; if((error=cudaGetLastError())!=cudaSuccess) printf(“cudaError:%s\n”,cudaGetErrorString(error)); printf(“thread %d finish!\n”,index); return NULL; };

40. 40 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU __global__ void vecAdd(float* veca,float* vecb,float* vecc,int size) { int index; index=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(index<size) vecc[index]=veca[index]+vecb[index]; return; };

41. 41 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU Where is constant memory? - data is stored in the device global memory - read data through multiprocessor constant cache - 64KB constant memory and 8KB cache for each multiprocessor How about the performance? - optimized when warp of threads read same location - 4 bytes per cycle through broadcasting to warp of threads - serialized when warp of threads read in different location - very slow when cache miss (read data from global memory) - access latency can range from one to hundreds clock cycles

42. 42 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU How to use constant memory? - declare constant memory on the file scope (global variable) - copy data to constant memory by host (because it is constant!!) //declare constant memory __constant__ float cst_ptr[size]; //copy data from host to constant memory cudaMemcpyToSymbol(cst_ptr,host_ptr,data_size);

43. 43 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU //declare constant memory __constant__ float cangle[360]; int main(int argc,char** argv) { int size=3200; float* darray; float hangle[360]; //allocate device memory cudaMalloc((void**)&darray,sizeof(float)*size); //initialize allocated memory cudaMemset(darray,0,sizeof(float)*size); //initialize angle array on host for(int loop=0;loop<360;loop++) hangle[loop]=acos(-1.0f)*loop/180.0f; //copy host angle data to constant memory cudaMemcpyToSymbol(cangle,hangle,sizeof(float)*360);

44. 44 Constant Memory //execute device kernel test_kernel >>(darray); //free device memory cudaFree(darray); return 0; } __global__ void test_kernel(float* darray) { int index; //calculate each thread global index index=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; #pragma unroll 10 for(int loop=0;loop<360;loop++) darray[index]=darray[index]+cangle[loop]; return; };

45. 45 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU #include #define MaxDevice 8 __constant__ float cangle[360]; int main(int argc,char** argv) { int loop; int devicecount; float summation; float hangle[360]; pthread_t threadt[MaxDevice]; pthread_c threadc[MaxDevice]; for(loop=0;loop<360;loop++) hangle[loop]=acos(-1.0f)*loop/180.0f; for(loop=0,summation=0.0f;loop<360;loop++) summation=summation+hangle[loop];

46. 46 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU cudaGetDeviceCount(&devicecount); devicecount=(devicecount>MaxDevice)?MaxDevice:devicecount; for(loop=0;loop<devicecount;loop++) { threadc[loop].index=loop; threadc[loop].hangle=hangle; threadc[loop].summation=summation; } for(loop=0;loop<devicecount;loop++) pthread_create(threadt+loop,NULL,tfunction,(void*)(threadc+loop)); for(loop=0;loop<devicecount;loop++) pthread_join(threadt[loop],NULL); return 0; } struct pthread_c { int index; float* hangle; float summation; };

47. 47 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU void* tfunction(void* content) { int size; int index; int gsize; int bsize; float summation; float* hangle; float* hvector; float* dvector; size=32000; index=(*((pthread_c*)content)).index; hangle=(*((pthread_c*)content)).hangle; summation=(*((pthread_c*)content)).summation; printf(“thread %d start!\n”,index); cudaSetDevice(index); cudaMemcpyToSymbol(cangle,hangle,sizeof(float)*360);

48. 48 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU hvector=(float*)malloc(sizeof(float)*size); cudaMalloc((void**)&dvector,sizeof(float)*size); bsize=256; gsize=(int)ceil((float)size/256); kernel >>(dvector,size); cudaMemcpy(hvector,dvector,sizeof(float)*size,cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost); for(loop=0;loop<size;loop++) if(hvector[loop]!=summation) printf("Error: check result\n"); free(hvector); cudaFree(dvector); cudaError_t error; if((error=cudaGetLastError())!=cudaSuccess) printf(“cudaError:%s\n”,cudaGetErrorString(error)); printf(“thread %d finish!\n”,index); return NULL; };

49. 49 Multiple Thread and Multiple GPU __global__ void kernel(float* dvector,int size) { int loop; int index; float temp; index=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(index<size) { for(loop=0,temp=0.0f;loop<360;loop++) temp=temp+cangle[loop]; *(dvector+index)=temp; } return; };